TPO40 阅读文本答案翻译.docx
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TPO40阅读文本答案翻译
TPO-40
AncientAthens
OneofthemostimportantchangesinGreeceduringtheperiodfrom800B.C.to500B.C.wastheriseofthepolis,orcity-state,andeachpolisdevelopedasystemofgovernmentthatwasappropriatetoitscircumstances.TheproblemsthatwerefacedandsolvedinAthenswerethesharingofpoliticalpowerbetweentheestablishedaristocracyandtheemergingotherclasses,andtheadjustmentofaristocraticwaysoflifetothewaysoflifeofthenewpolis.ItwastheharmoniousblendingofalloftheseelementsthatwastoproducetheclassicalcultureofAthens.
Enteringthepolisage,AthenshadthetraditionalinstitutionsofotherGreekprotodemocraticstates:
anassemblyofadultmales,anaristocraticcouncil,andannuallyelectedofficials.WithinthistraditionalframeworktheAthenians,between600B.C.and450B.C.,evolvedwhatGreeksregardedasafullyfledgeddemocraticconstitution,thoughtherighttovotewasgiventofewergroupsofpeoplethanisseeninmodemtimes.
ThefirststepstowardchangeweretakenbySolonin594B.C.,whenhebrokethearistocracy'sstrangleholdonelectedofficesbyestablishingwealthratherthanbirthasthebasisofofficeholding,abolishingtheeconomicobligationsofordinaryAthenianstothearistocracy,andallowingtheassembly（ofwhichallcitizenswereequalmembers）tooverrulethedecisionsoflocalcourtsincertaincases.ThestrengthoftheAthenianaristocracywasfurtherweakenedduringtherestofthecenturybytheriseofatypeofgovernmentknownasatyranny,whichisaformofinterimrulebyapopularstrongman（notrulebyaruthlessdictatorasthemodernuseofthetermsuggeststous）.ThePeisistratids,asthesuccessionoftyrantswerecalled（afterthefounderofthedynasty,Peisistratos）,strengthenedAtheniancentraladministrationattheexpenseofthearistocracybyappointingjudgesthroughouttheregion,producingAthens’firstnationalcoinage,andaddingandembellishingfestivalsthattendedtofocusattentiononAthensratherthanonlocalvillagesofthesurroundingregion.Bytheendofthecentury,thetimewasripeformorechange:
thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508BCanewreformer,Cleisthenes,gavefinalformtothedevelopmentsreducingaristocraticcontrolalreadyunderway.
Cleisthenes'principalcontributiontothecreationofdemocracyatAthenswastocompletethelongprocessofweakeningfamilyandclanstructures,especiallyamongthearistocrats,andtosetintheirplacelocality-basedcorporationscalleddemes,whichbecamethepointofentryforallcivicandmostreligiouslifeinAthens.Outofthedemeswerecreated10artificialtribesofroughlyequalpopulation.Fromthedemes,byeitherelectionorselection,came500membersofanewcouncil,6,000jurorsforthecourts,10generals,andhundredsofcommissioners.Theassemblywassovereigninallmattersbutinpracticedelegateditspowertosubordinatebodiessuchasthecouncil,whichpreparedtheagendaforthemeetingsoftheassembly,andcourts,whichtookcareofmostjudicialmatters.Variouscommitteesactedasanexecutivebranch,implementingpoliciesoftheassemblyandsupervising,forinstance,thefoodandwatersuppliesandpublicbuildings.Thiswide-scaleparticipationbythecitizenryinthegovernmentdistinguishedthedemocraticformoftheAthenianpolisfromother,lessliberalforms.
TheeffectofCleisthenes’reformswastoestablishthesuperiorityoftheAtheniancommunityasawholeoverlocalinstitutionswithoutdestroyingthem.Nationalpoliticsratherthanlocalordemepoliticsbecamethefocalpoint.Atthesametime,entryintonationalpoliticsbeganatthedemelevelandgavelocalloyaltyanewfocus:
Athensitself.OverthenexttwocenturiestheimplicationsofCleisthenes’reformswerefullyexploited.
DuringthefifthcenturyB.C.thecouncilof500wasextremelyinfluentialinshapingpolicy.■Inthenextcentury,however,itwasthematureassemblythattookondecision-makingresponsibility.■Byanymeasureotherthanthatofthearistocrats,whohadbeenupstagedbythesupposedlyinferior"people,"theAtheniandemocracywasastunningsuccess.Neverbefore,orsince,havesomanypeoplebeeninvolvedintheseriousbusinessofself-governance.■ItwaspreciselythisopportunitytoparticipateinpubliclifethatprovidedastimulusforthebrilliantunfoldingofclassicalGreekculture.■
P1：
OneofthemostimportantchangesinGreeceduringtheperiodfrom800B.C.to500B.C.wastheriseofthepolis,orcity-state,andeachpolisdevelopedasystemofgovernmentthatwasappropriatetoitscircumstances.TheproblemsthatwerefacedandsolvedinAthenswerethesharingofpoliticalpowerbetweentheestablishedaristocracyandtheemergingotherclasses,andtheadjustmentofaristocraticwaysoflifetothewaysoflifeofthenewpolis.ItwastheharmoniousblendingofalloftheseelementsthatwastoproducetheclassicalcultureofAthens.
1.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheGreekcity-states?
A.Mostcity-statesfollowedthemodelprovidedbyAthens.
B.Mostcity-stateswerebasedonaristocraticrule.
C.Differenttypesofgovernmentandorganizationwereusedbydifferentcity-states.
D.By500BC.thecity-stateswerenolongerpowerful.
P2：
Enteringthepolisage,AthenshadthetraditionalinstitutionsofotherGreekprotodemocraticstates:
anassemblyofadultmales,anaristocraticcouncil,andannuallyelectedofficials.WithinthistraditionalframeworktheAthenians,between600B.C.and450B.C.,evolvedwhatGreeksregardedasafullyfledgeddemocraticconstitution,thoughtherighttovotewasgiventofewergroupsofpeoplethanisseeninmodemtimes.
2.Accordingtoparagraph2,Athenshadallofthefollowingbeforebecomingacity-stateEXCEPT
A.acouncilmadeupofaristocrats
B.anassemblymadeupofmen
C.aconstitutionthatwasfullydemocratic
D.officialswhowereelectedyearly
P3：
ThefirststepstowardchangeweretakenbySolonin594B.C.,whenhebrokethearistocracy'sstrangleholdonelectedofficesbyestablishingwealthratherthanbirthasthebasisofofficeholding,abolishingtheeconomicsofordinaryAthenianstothearistocracy,andallowingtheassembly（ofwhichallcitizenswereequalmembers）tooverrulethedecisionsoflocalcourtsincertaincases.ThestrengthoftheAthenianaristocracywasfurtherweakenedduringtherestofthecenturybytheriseofatypeofgovernmentknownasatyranny,whichisaformofinterimrulebyapopularstrongman（notrulebyaruthlessdictatorasthemodernuseofthetermsuggeststous）.ThePeisistratids,asthesuccessionoftyrantswerecalled（afterthefounderofthedynasty,Peisistratos）,strengthenedAtheniancentraladministrationattheexpenseofthearistocracybyappointingjudgesthroughouttheregion,producingAthens’firstnationalcoinage,andaddingandembellishingfestivalsthattendedtofocusattentiononAthensratherthanonlocalvillagesofthesurroundingregion.Bytheendofthecentury,thetimewasripeformorechange:
thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508BCanewreformer,Cleisthenes,gavefinalformtothedevelopmentsreducingaristocraticcontrolalreadyunderway.
3.Accordingtoparagraph3,animportanteffectofmakingwealththebasisofofficeholdingwasto
A.makefewerpeoplequalifiedtobemembersoftheassembly
B.makeitpossiblefornon-aristocratstoholdoffice
C.helpthearistocratsmaintainpower
D.IncreaseeconomicopportunitiesforallAtheniancitizens
4.Theword“abolishing”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.limiting
B.eliminating
C.revising
D.supervising
5.Inparagraph3,theauthor'sexplanationoftheword“tyranny”indicatesthat
A.mostAthenianswereopposedtorulebythePeisistratids
B.thewordhadasomewhatdifferentmeaningfortheAtheniansthanitdoesforpeopletoday
C.thetyrantsweresupportedbythearistocracy
D.thewordcanbeappliedonlytoruthlessdictators
6.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueofthePeisistratids'ruleEXCEPT:
A.Anationalsystemofcoinswascreated.
B.Judgeswereappointedacrosstheregion.
C.Newfestivalswereadded.
D.Increasedattentionwasfocusedonlocalvillages.
7.Theword“embellishing”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.makingmoreattractive
B.providingsupportfor
C.duplicating
D.controlling
8.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
A.Cleisthenes,areformerwhorecognizedthataristocraticcontrolhadbeendecreasingsincetheendofthepreviouscentury,finallydrovethetyrantsoutofAthensin508B.C.
B.Thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508B.C.Cleisthenesputinplacethestructuresthatcompletedtheweakeningofthearistocracy.
C.Bydrivingoutthetyrants,Cleisthenesenabledthereformsthathadbeenunderwaysincetheendofthecenturytoreachtheirfinalformin508B.C.
D.Towardtheendofthecentury,thetyrantsweredrivenout,andin508B.C.Cleisthenessawthatitwastimetochangethestructuresthathadreducedaristocraticcontrol
P4：
Cleisthenes'principalcontributiontothecreationofdemocracyatAthenswastocompletethelongprocessofweakeningfamilyandclanstructures,especiallyamongthearistocrats,andtosetintheirplacelocality-basedcorporationscalleddemes,whichbecamethepointofentryforallcivicandmostreligiouslifeinAthens.Outofthedemeswerecreated10artificialtribesofroughlyequalpopulation.Fromthedemes,byeitherelectionor
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