TPO40 阅读文本答案翻译.docx

1、TPO40 阅读文本答案翻译TPO-40Ancient AthensOne of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. was the rise of the polis, or city-state, and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances. The problems that were faced and solved in At

2、hens were the sharing of political power between the established aristocracy and the emerging other classes, and the adjustment of aristocratic ways of life to the ways of life of the new polis. It was the harmonious blending of all of these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athe

3、ns.Entering the polis age, Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek protodemocratic states: an assembly of adult males, an aristocratic council, and annually elected officials. Within this traditional framework the Athenians, between 600 B.C. and 450 B. C., evolved what Greeks regarded

4、 as a fully fledged democratic constitution, though the right to vote was given to fewer groups of people than is seen in modem times.The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B. C., when he broke the aristocracys stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birt

5、h as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases. The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weaken

6、ed during the rest of the century by the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny, which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us). The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the foun

7、der of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local v

8、illages of the surrounding region. By the end of the century, the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B C a new reformer, Cleisthenes, gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already under way.Cleisthenes principal contribution to the crea

9、tion of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. Out of the deme

10、s were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population. From the demes, by either election or selection, came 500 members of a new council, 6,000 jurors for the courts, 10 generals, and hundreds of commissioners. The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power

11、to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and courts, which took care of most judicial matters. Various committees acted as an executive branch, implementing policies of the assembly and supervising, for instance, the food and water suppli

12、es and public buildings. This wide-scale participation by the citizenry in the government distinguished the democratic form of the Athenian polis from other, less liberal forms.The effect of Cleisthenes reforms was to establish the superiority of the Athenian community as a whole over local institut

13、ions without destroying them. National politics rather than local or deme politics became the focal point. At the same time, entry into national politics began at the deme level and gave local loyalty a new focus: Athens itself. Over the next two centuries the implications of Cleisthenes reforms wer

14、e fully exploited.During the fifth century B. C. the council of 500 was extremely influential in shaping policy. In the next century, however, it was the mature assembly that took on decision-making responsibility. By any measure other than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by the suppo

15、sedly inferior people, the Athenian democracy was a stunning success. Never before, or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance. It was precisely this opportunity to participate in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classica

16、l Greek culture. P1：One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. was the rise of the polis, or city-state, and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances. The problems that were faced and solved in Athens were the

17、sharing of political power between the established aristocracy and the emerging other classes, and the adjustment of aristocratic ways of life to the ways of life of the new polis. It was the harmonious blending of all of these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens.1. Paragrap

18、h 1 supports which of the following statements about the Greek city- states?A. Most city-states followed the model provided by Athens.B. Most city-states were based on aristocratic rule.C. Different types of government and organization were used by different city- states.D. By 500 B C. the city-stat

19、es were no longer powerful.P2：Entering the polis age, Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek protodemocratic states: an assembly of adult males, an aristocratic council, and annually elected officials. Within this traditional framework the Athenians, between 600 B.C. and 450 B. C., e

20、volved what Greeks regarded as a fully fledged democratic constitution, though the right to vote was given to fewer groups of people than is seen in modem times.2. According to paragraph 2, Athens had all of the following before becoming a city- state EXCEPTA. a council made up of aristocratsB. an a

21、ssembly made up of menC. a constitution that was fully democraticD. officials who were elected yearlyP3：The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B. C., when he broke the aristocracys stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holdi

22、ng, abolishing the economics of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases. The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century by the

23、rise of a type of government known as a tyranny, which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us). The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), streng

24、thened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region. By the

25、 end of the century, the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B C a new reformer, Cleisthenes, gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already under way.3. According to paragraph 3, an important effect of making wealth the basis of office h

26、olding was to A. make fewer people qualified to be members of the assemblyB. make it possible for non-aristocrats to hold officeC. help the aristocrats maintain powerD. Increase economic opportunities for all Athenian citizens4. The word “abolishing” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. limitin

27、gB. eliminatingC. revisingD. supervising5. In paragraph 3, the authors explanation of the word “tyranny” indicates thatA. most Athenians were opposed to rule by the PeisistratidsB. the word had a somewhat different meaning for the Athenians than it does for people todayC. the tyrants were supported

28、by the aristocracyD. the word can be applied only to ruthless dictators6. According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the Peisistratids rule EXCEPT:A. A national system of coins was created.B. Judges were appointed across the region.C. New festivals were added.D. Increased attention

29、was focused on local villages.7. The word “embellishing” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. making more attractiveB. providing support forC. duplicatingD. controlling8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect

30、choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Cleisthenes, a reformer who recognized that aristocratic control had been decreasing since the end of the previous century, finally drove the tyrants out of Athens in 508 B. C.B. The tyrants were driven out, and in 50

31、8 B.C. Cleisthenes put in place the structures that completed the weakening of the aristocracy.C. By driving out the tyrants, Cleisthenes enabled the reforms that had been under way since the end of the century to reach their final form in 508 B. C.D. Toward the end of the century, the tyrants were

32、driven out, and in 508 B. C. Cleisthenes saw that it was time to change the structures that had reduced aristocratic controlP4：Cleisthenes principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. Out of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population. From the demes, by either election or