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精读教案lesson10

教案

周次

第15周，第1次课

授课时间

2011年12月5日

授课章节

LessonTenDiogenesandAlexander

本（章）节

授课方式

课堂讲授（√）实践课（）

教学时数

2学时

授

课

要

点

本（章）节教学目标

1.Explainthepre-classwork

2．Askstudentstoacquirekeywords

3.Askstudentstoacquirerelevantbackgroundinformation

教学重点和难点

1.Wordformation

2.Keywords

3.Backgroundinformation

思考题

或

作业

1．PreviewTextAandanalyzethestructure.

2．Underlinethedifficultpoints.

教学内容与组织安排

Timeallotment

1.Lead-inandwarming-up1classhours

2.Word-study1classhour

3.Textanalysis6classhours

4.Grammarandexercises4classhours

I．Pre-classwork：

Prefixandsuffix

automaton（12）auto-:

self,automatic

autobiography

automobile

autograph

autocracy

automation

autonomy

auto-focus

自传

汽车

亲笔签名，手稿

独裁政治

自动控制

自治

自动聚焦

lunatic

（1）lun:

moon

luna

lunar

lunacy

lunitidal

lunes

lune

月，月神

月亮的

精神病

太阴潮的

精神病的发作

弓形，半月形

childish

womanish

boyish

girlish

monkish

wolfish

devilish

coldish

fattish

sweetish

greenish

yellowish

reddish

outlandish

幼稚的

像女人的

孩子气的

少女似的

僧侣的

豺狼般的

如恶魔般的

微冷的

稍胖的

有点甜的

呈绿色的

微黄的

微红的

奇异的

Ⅱ:

BackgroundInformation:

1．AlexandertheGreat

（亚历山大大帝）（356-323B.C）,kingofMacedonia（马其顿）,conquerorofthePersianEmpire,andoneofthegreatestmilitarygeniusesofalltimes.

Alexander,borninPella,theancientcapitalofMacedonia,wasthesonofPhilipII,kingofMacedonia,andofOlympias,aprincessofEpirus.AristotlewasAlexander'stutor;hegaveAlexanderathoroughtraininginrhetoricandliteratureandstimulatedhisinterestinscience,medicine,andphilosophy.Inthesummerof336B.C,Philipwasassassinated,andAlexanderascendedtotheMacedonianthrone.Hefoundhimselfsurroundedbyenemiesathomeandthreatenedbyrebellionabroad.Alexanderdisposedquicklyofallconspiratorsanddomesticenemiesbyorderingtheirexecution.ThenhedescendedonThessaly,wherepartisansofindependencehadgainedascendancy,andrestoredMacedonianrule.Beforetheendofthesummerof336B.C,hehadreestablishedhispositioninGreeceandwaselectedbyacongressofstatesatCorinth（科林斯）.In335B.C,asgeneraloftheGreeksinacampaignagainstthePersians,originallyplannedbyhisfather,hecarriedoutasuccessfulcampaignagainstthedefectingThracians,penetratingtotheDanubeRiver（多瑙河）.OnhisreturnhecrushedinasingleweekthethreateningIllyrians（伊利里亚人）andthenhastenedtoThebes（迪比亚人）,whichhadrevolted.Hetookthecitybystormandrazedit,sparingonlythetemplesofthegodsandthehouseoftheGreeklyricpoetPindar（品达，古希腊抒情诗人）,andsellingthesurvivinginhabitants,about8000innumber,intoslavery.Alexander'spromptnessincrushingtherevoltofThebesbroughttheotherGreekstatesintoinstantandabjectsubmission.

1.Abrillianttacticianandleader,butcouldalsoberuthlessandcruel

2.SleepwithIliadunderhispillow,identifyhimselfwithAchilles

3.WaragainstPersiain334BC:

Troy→Egypt→Babylon→defeatedPersiankingDariusandMarriedthePersianprincess→India→diedoffever

Gordianknot

这是个源出于古希腊传说的成语，Gordian是Gordius的形容词，Gordius是公元前四世纪小亚细亚地区的一个国王，他把一辆牛车的车辕和车轭用一根绳子系了起来，打了一个找不到结头的死结，声称谁能打开这个难解的Gordianknot谁就可以称王亚洲。

这个结一直没有人解开。

到了公元前三世纪，亚历山大大帝Alexander拔开身上的佩剑，一下子就把这个死结斩开了。

此后Gordianknot便用来指“难以解决的问题”，而cuttheGordianknot便指干脆利落地解决复杂的问题。

2．Diogenes:

（412B.C.—324B.C.）wasborninSinope,anIonian（爱奥尼亚的）colonyontheBlackSea.HisfatherwasresponsibleforthemintingofcoinsandwhenDiogenestooktoadulteratingthecoinswithbasemetalshewasbanishedfromthecity.HewenttoAthenswithhisslaveManes.Soonafter,Manesfled.WhenDiogeneswasadvisedtochasehisrunawayslavehereplied,"ItwouldbeabsurdifManescanlivewithoutDiogenes,butDiogenescannotgetonwithoutManes".InAthensDiogenessoughtAntisthenesashismentor.Antisthenesorderedhimawayandeventuallybeathimwithhisstaff.Diogenesisquotedassaying,"Strike,foryouwillfindnowoodhardenoughtokeepmeawayfromyou,solongasIthinkyou'vesomethingtosay."ThepersistenceofDiogenesbroketheresistanceofAntisthenes.

HewasaGreekphilosopherwhofoundedtheCynicschoolofphilosophy,stressingself-controlandthepursuitofvirtue.HewasthesonofHicesias,whowasexiledfromhishometownofSinope,allegedlyfordefacingitsdebasedcurrency.Thereafter,helivedinstreetsofCorinthandAthenswhereheissaidtohavelivedinabarrel.HebecametheprototypeofCynicism.

DiogeneshasbeendescribedasaSocratesgonemad.LikeSocrates,hesawhimselfencouragingmentoexaminetheirownbehaviour,andtoliveavirtuouslife.Bythis,hemeantalifeoftotalselfsufficiencyfreefromsocialrestraint,anddistractingdesires.

LivinglifeaccordingtonaturewasinterpretedbyDiogenestomeanabacktothebasicexistence.Virtuelayinrequiringthebareminimumforexistence.Helivedthelifeofatrueascetic.

Diogenesdeemedmanthemostintelligentandthemostfoolishoftheanimals.Fortheproperconductofhumanlife,heclaimed,weneed"rightreasonorahalter".Mostneededthehalter.Heissaidtohavewanderedthroughthemarketplacebearingalampinbroaddaylightproclaiming:

"Iamlookingforaman."Itwasamatterofselfmastery.Slaverywasamatterofattitude.Diogeneshimselfhadoncebeencapturedandsoldasaslave.Whenaskedbytheslavemasterwhathecoulddo,hereplied:

"Governmen",andaskedforabuyerwhowantedamaster.Thepurchasermadehimtutortohissonswhodidindeedobeyandreverehim.

CynicDiogenes:

DiogenesbecameadiscipleofAntisthenes,whowasattheheadoftheCynics.AntisthenesatfirstrefusedtoadmithimandevenstruckDiogeneswithastick.Diogenescalmlysaid,"StrikemeallyouwantbutIwillnotleaveyourpresence,whileyouspeakanythingworthhearing."AntistheneswassoimpressedwiththisreplythatheadmittedhimintotheCynics.Diogenesfullyadoptedtheprinciplesandcharacterofhismaster.

Diogenesdidlittlephilosophizing,butsoughttoliveanexemplarylifeofautonomy.Helivedinatubandissaidtohavetakenenormouspleasureinallthathedid.HesaidPlato'slectureswereawasteoftime.PlatohaddefinedManasa"featherlessbiped（两足动物）".Diogenespluckedafowlandbroughtitintothelectureroomwiththewords"HereisPlato'sman."Inconsequenceofwhichtherewasaddedtothedefinition,"havingbroadnails".

3.Comparison:

DIOGENESANDALEXANDER

Duringhislifetime,Diogenesencounteredthemostpowerfulofindividualsandtreatedthemwithscorn.Theyinturnrespondedwithadmiration.WhenAlexanderannounced:

"IamAlexander,thegreatking."Diogenesreplied:

"IamDiogenesthedog",usinghisnicknametoshowhiscontemptforthetitlesothersvalued.AlexanderisquotedassayingthathadhenotbeenAlexander,hewouldhavelikedtohavebeenDiogenes.

4."Cynicism（犬儒主义）"ofancientGreeceandRomederivesitsnamefromtheGreekwordfor"Dog".

Aristotle（亚里士多德）referstoDiogenes（第欧根尼）as"TheDog"andDiogenesseemstohaveacceptedthenickname.Cynicismwasnota"schoolofphilosophy",butratheran"erraticsuccessionofindividuals"whichcanbesaidtohavebegunwiththephilosopherAntisthenes.Antisthenes,anintimateandadmirerofSocrates（苏格拉底）,disclaimedrefinedphilosophybelievingthattheplainmancouldknowallthereistoknow.AntistheneswasprobablymoreconsciouslyphilosophicalthoughlesscleverthanhispupilDiogenes.Antisthenesemphasizedmoralself-masteryandissaidtohaverejectedgovernment,property,marriageandreligion.Butwhilepropertywasregardedasanencumbrance（累赘）byAntisthenes,Diogeneswasnotabovestealing,claiming"allthingsarethepropertyofthewise".

TheobjectiveofCynicismwasself-sufficiencyandthecynicvirtueswerethequalitiesthroughwhichfreedomwasattained.Themostimportantvirtuewascallousnessorapathy,whichhadtobeattainedthroughtraining.Anothervirtuewasruggednessorendurance.Theloweranimalsweretobeemulatedinsofarastheywereindependentofclothing,shelterandtheartificialpreparationoffood.Cynicssoughttodisregardlaws,customs,conventions,publicopinion,reputation,honoranddishonor.TheGreeksatiristLucianrepresentsaCynicassaying:

"Scruplenottoperformthedeedsofdarknessinbroaddaylight.Selectyourloveadventureswithaviewtopublicentertainment."

Originofcynicism（para17）

Cynicism:

Aphilosophy,firstexpoundedbyDiogenes,thatencouragesindifferencetosocialconventionandmaterialcomfortsinordertoconcentrateonself-knowledge.TheaimoftheCynicwastobecomeself-determining,hencefree,bylivinginaccordancewithnature.

CynicismderivesitsnamefromtheGreekwordforDog.AristotlereferstoDiogenesas"TheDog"andDiogeneshadnoproblemwiththenickname.Cynicismwasnotaschoolofphilosophy,butratheranerraticsuccessionofindividualswhichbeganwiththephilosopherAntisthenes.

Cynicismemphasizedmoralself-mastery,rejectionofgovernment,property,marriageandreligion.However,Diogeneswasnotabovestealing,claimingallthingsarethepropertyofthewise.

Cynicswereasmallbutinfluentialschoolofancientphilisophers.TheirnameisthoughttobederivedeitherfromthebuildinginAthenscalledCynosarges,theearliesthomeoftheschool,orfromtheGreekwordforadog（kuon）,incontemptuousallusiontotheuncouthandaggressivemannersadoptedbythemembersoftheschool.TheCynicsagreedintakingadogastheircommonbadgeorsymbol.

Fromapopularconceptionoftheintellectualcharacteristicsoftheschoolcomesthemodernsenseof“cynic”,im