苏州大学临床七年生理学复习.docx

苏州大学临床七年生理学复习.docx

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苏州大学临床七年生理学复习

PhysiologyKnowledgeReview

Terminology

Internalenvironment

allcellsofthebodyaresurroundedbyextracellularfluid,extracellularfluidiscalledtheinternalenvironmentofthebody.

Homeostasis

homeostasisisthemaintenanceofaconstantstatewithspecialreferencetotheinternalmedium.

Negativefeedback

aregulatedvariableissensed,informationissenttoacontroller,andactionistakentoopposechangefromthedesirevalue.

Positivefeedback

Withpositivefeedback,avariableissensedandactionistakentoreinforcechangeofthevariable,soitpromotesachangeinonedirection.

Simplediffusion

Lipid-solublemoleculesarecapableofmovingfreelyacrossthecellmembranebytransportdowntheirconcentrationgradients.

Facilitateddiffusion

Itmeansthediffusionoflipidinsolubleorwatersolublesubstanceacrossthemembranedowntheirconcentrationgradientsbyaidofmembraneproteins.

Sodium-potassiumpump

Thesodium-potassiumpumpisresponsibleforthecoupledactivetransportofNa+outofcellsandK+intocells.Sodium-potassiumpumpisalsoanadenosinetriphosphatase,anenzymethatcatalyzesthehydrolysisofATPtoadenosinediphosphate（ADP）.

Exocytosis

Astimulustosecretecausestheintracellularvesiclestofusewiththeplasmamembraneandtoreleasethevesiclescontentsiscalledexocytosis

Endocytosis

Verylargeparticlesenterthecellbyaspecializedfunctionofthecellmembranecalledendocytosis.Theprincipleformsofendocytosisarepinocytosisandphagocytosis.

Restingpotential

Intherestingstateandwithoutstimulation,cellsmaintainanegativeelectricalpotentialinsideinrelativetotheoutside.

Depolarization

Itmeansthemembranepotentialbecomeslessnegativethantherestingpotential（closetozero）.Orthechangeinmembranepotentialawayfromtherestingpotentialandtowardthesodiumequilibrium.

Hyperpolarization

Itmeansthatthemembranepotentialismorenegativethantherestinglevel.

Reverspolarization

Itrefersasareversalofmembranepotentialpolarity.Theinsideofacellbecomespositiverelativetotheoutside.

ActionPotential

Itisarapid,reversible,andconductivechangeofthemembranepotentialafterthecellisstimulated.

Excitability

Theabilityofthecelltogeneratetheactionpotential.Excitabilityisafundamentalpropertycommontoalltissuesandcells.

Excitation

Excitationsignifiesandincreasesinactivity,suchascontractionofamuscle,accelerationoftheheartbeat.

Thresholdpotential

Itisacriticalmembranepotentiallevelatwhichanactionpotentialcanoccur.

Neuromuscularjunction

Thecomplexstructureresponsibleforsignaltransmissionfromnervetoskeletalmuscle.

EPP（endplatepotential）

Afocaldepolarizedpotentialontheend-platemembrane.

Isometriccontraction

Tensionincreasesbutthelengthofthemuscledoesnotchangewhenamusclecontracts.

Isotoniccontraction

Tensionremainsconstantbutthemuscleshortenswhenamusclecontracts.

Singletwitch

Thesinglemechanicalresponseofaskeletalmuscletoasingleactionpotential.

Tetanus

Asustainedcontractionresultingfromtherapidstimulationofaskeletalmuscle,includingincompletetetanusandcompletetetanus.

BloodCoagulation

Theprocessofbloodflowfromflowingliquidtogelorgelatin.

Bloodgroup

Typesofspecificantigensonthebloodcell.

Agglutination

Combinationofthesameantigenandantibodyinthebloodresultsinharmfulimmunereactionsshowinghemolysis.

Cross-matchtest

Serumfromrecipientistestedagainstthedonor'scells,andserumfromdonoristestedagainsttherecipient'scells,thistestiscalledcross-matchingtest.

Effectiverefractoryperiod（ERP）

Timefromphase0beginning（depolarization）tophase3（repolarization）with-60mV,whichcannotgenerateAPofcardiacmyocyteagain.

Pacemaker

Theautomaticcellsthatordinarilyfireatthehighestfrequencywhicharelocatedinthesinoatrialnode,excitationoftheheartnormallybeginsinthesinoatrial（SA）node.

Atrioventriculardelay

Whenexcitationtransmissionisfromatrialmuscletoventricularmuscle,conductivespeedissloweratAtrioventricularnode,whichisbeneficialtoventriclefillingandejection.

Electrocardiogram（ECG）

Itisanexternalrecordingoftheelectricalactivityoftheheart.

Thesynchronizeddepolarizationsspreadingthroughtheheartcausecurrentsthatestablishfieldpotential,whosedifferencescanbeamplifiedanddetectedbyelectrodesplacedonthebodysurface.Therecordproducediscalledelectrocardiogram.

CardiacCycle

Itistheeventsoccurringduringasingleheartbeat,cardiaccycleincludeselectricalandmechanicaleventsandsystoleanddiastole,whichformsintoonemechanicalactivitycycle.

Strokevolume（SV）

Itisbloodvolumeofperventricularcontraction（mL/beat）,EDV-ESV=70ml.

Ejectionfraction（EF）

Theproportionoftheend-diastolicvolumethatisejected（i.e.strokevolume/enddiastolicvolume）Ejectionfraction=（EDV-ESV）／EDV=55％～65％.

Cardiacoutput（CO）

Theproductofthefrequencyofpumping（heartrate）andthestrokevolumeisthecardiacoutput;itisalsocalledminutevolume.=SV×HR,5-6L/min.

Orcardiacoutput（CO）istheamountofbloodpumpedbyaventricleinaperiodoftime（min）.

Cardiacindex（CI）

Cardiacindexisthecardiacoutputpersquaremeterofbodysurfacearea.

Cardiacreserve（CR）

Theabilityofthehearttoadaptneedoforganismforexpellingalargerquantityofbloodabovethebasallevel.

SystolicPressure

Thepressurerisesduringcardiacsystoleandfallsduringdiastole.Thepeakpressurevaluereachedduringsystoleistermedthesystolepressure.Usually,atrestsystolicpressureofthehealthyyoungadultis100~120mmHg.

DiastolicPressure

Diastolicpressureisthelowestbloodpressureinanarteryduringthediastoleoftheheart.

PulsePressure

Thepulsepressureisthedifferencebetweenthesystolicpressureanddiastolicpressure.

Meanarterialbloodpressure（MAP）

Themeanarterialbloodpressureisthepressureinthearteries,averageovertime.

DiastolicPressure+1/3PulsePressure;100mmHg（13.3kPa）

Centralvenouspressure（CVP）

Thevenouspressureasmeasuredattherightatrium,superiorvenacavaandinferiorvenacava,4~12cmH2O.

Microcirculation

Capillarybloodcirculationbetweenthearterioleandvenuleismicrocirculation.

Externalrespiration

Theexchangeofgasesbetweenpulmonarybloodandtheexternalenvironment.

Internalrespiration

Theexchangeofgasesbetweenthetissuecellsandthesystemiccapillaries.

Pulmonaryventilation

Itistheexchangeofgasbetweenthealveoliandtheenvironment.

Intrapleuralpressure

Itisthepressurebetweenthechestwallandlungs.Orthepressurewithinthepleuralcavityiscalledintrapleuralpressure.

Tidalvolume（TV）

Theamountofairthatmovesintothelungswitheachinspiration（ortheamountthatmovesoutwitheachexpiration）i.e.,thevolumeofairinspiredorexpiredwitheachnormalbreath;itamountstoabout500ml.

Functionalresidualcapacity（FRC）

Thevolumeatwhichthesetwoopposingforces（lungs,contractionandchest,expansion）balanceiscalledthefunctionalresidualcapacity（FRC）.Oritequalstotheexpiratoryreservevolumeplustheresidualvolume.Thisistheamountofairthatremainsinthelungsattheendofnormalexpiration（about2300ml）.

Anatomicdeadspace

Thespaceintheconducingzoneoftheairwaysoccupiedbygasthatdoesnotexchangewithbloodinthepulmonaryvessels,suchasinthenose,pharynx,andtracheasincetheseareaisnotusefulthegasexchangeprocessbutinsteadgoestofillrespiratorypassages.

Alveolarventilation

Itmeasuresthevolumeofairthatactuallyreachesthealveoliperunittimebecauseittakesintoaccountdeadspacevolumeorit=（tidalvolume-deadspace）×respiratoryfrequency,anditisapulmonaryventilativeaccurateestimatingindex.

Ventilation/perfusionratio

Theratioofpulmonaryventilationtopulmonarybloodflowforthewholelung,atrestabout0.84（4.2L/minventilationdividedby5.5L/minbloodflow）.

Oxygendissociationcurve

ThecurvedescribesrelationshipbetweenthePO2andthehemoglobinoxygensaturation,whichhasacharacteristicsigmoidshape.

Bohreffect

BloodpHorPCO2increaseHbreleasingO2（affinity）

Haldaneeffect

BloodO2bindingwithhemoglobin（Hb）inducesCO2release,andHHbeasilycombineswithCO2.

Carbondioxidedissociationcurve

ThecurvedescribesrelationshipbetweenthePCO2andtheCO2contentinblood.

Digestion

Itisaprocessessentialfortheconversionoffoodintoasmallandsimpleform.

Absorption

Itistheprocessoftransportingsmallmoleculesfromthelumenofthegutintobloodstreamorlymphaticvessel.

Basicelectricalrhythm（BER）

Inthestomachandintestine,smoothmusclecellsundergospontaneous,rhythmicmembranedepolarizationscalledthebasicelectricalrhythm（BER）.

Gastricemptying

Gastricemptyingisaprocessofchymecomingfromstomachtoduodenum.

Intrinsicfactor

ItasaglycoproteinsecretedbyparietalcellsisessentialfortheabsorptionofvitaminB12bytheileumwherehavethespecificreceptors.

Enterohepaticcirculation

Bileacidssecretedbytheliveranddeliveredtotheduodenuminbilearereturnedtotheliverintheportalvenousbloodafterbeingreabsorbedbytheileum.Theprocessiscalledtheenterohepaticcirculation.

Energymetabolism

Theenergymetabolismmeanstheliberation,transformationandutilizationofenergyproducedbythematerialmetabolisminthebody.

Respiratoryquotient（RQ）

Basalmetabolismrate（BMR）

Energymetabolismrateunderthebasalconditionswhicharemorning,wak