苏州大学临床七年生理学复习.docx

1、苏州大学临床七年生理学复习Physiology Knowledge ReviewTerminologyInternal environmentall cells of the body are surrounded by extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body.Homeostasishomeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal

2、medium. Negative feedbacka regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value. Positive feedbackWith positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in

3、one direction.Simple diffusionLipid-soluble molecules are capable of moving freely across the cell membrane by transport down their concentration gradients.Facilitated diffusion It means the diffusion of lipid insoluble or water soluble substance across the membrane down their concentration gradient

4、s by aid of membrane proteins.Sodium-potassium pumpThe sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

5、.Exocytosis A stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis Endocytosis Very large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of end

6、ocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.Resting potentialIn the resting state and without stimulation, cells maintain a negative electrical potential inside in relative to the outside.DepolarizationIt means the membrane potential becomes less negative than the resting potential (close to zero). Or

7、 the change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.HyperpolarizationIt means that the membrane potential is more negative than the resting level.ReverspolarizationIt refers as a reversal of membrane potential polarity. The inside of a cell becomes pos

8、itive relative to the outside.Action Potential It is a rapid, reversible, and conductive change of the membrane potential after the cell is stimulated.ExcitabilityThe ability of the cell to generate the action potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.Excitati

9、onExcitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.Threshold potential It is a critical membrane potential level at which an action potential can occur.Neuromuscular junctionThe complex structure responsible for signal transmission from

10、nerve to skeletal muscle.EPP (end plate potential)A focal depolarized potential on the end-plate membrane.Isometric contraction Tension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.Isotonic contraction Tension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle c

11、ontracts.Single twitch The single mechanical response of a skeletal muscle to a single action potential. TetanusA sustained contraction resulting from the rapid stimulation of a skeletal muscle, including incomplete tetanus and complete tetanus.Blood CoagulationThe process of blood flow from flowing

12、 liquid to gel or gelatin.Blood groupTypes of specific antigens on the blood cell.AgglutinationCombination of the same antigen and antibody in the blood results in harmful immune reactions showing hemolysis. Cross-match testSerum from recipient is tested against the donors cells, and serum from dono

13、r is tested against the recipients cells, this test is called cross-matching test.Effective refractory period (ERP)Time from phase 0 beginning (depolarization) to phase 3 (repolarization) with -60mV, which can not generate AP of cardiac myocyte again. PacemakerThe automatic cells that ordinarily fir

14、e at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoatrial node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node.Atrioventricular delay When excitation transmission is from atrial muscle to ventricular muscle, conductive speed is slower at Atrioventricular node, which is bene

15、ficial to ventricle filling and ejection.Electrocardiogram (ECG)It is an external recording of the electrical activity of the heart.The synchronized depolarizations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field potential, whose differences can be amplified and detected by electrode

16、s placed on the body surface. The record produced is called electrocardiogram.Cardiac CycleIt is the events occurring during a single heartbeat, cardiac cycle includes electrical and mechanical events and systole and diastole ,which forms into one mechanical activity cycle.Stroke volume (SV)It is bl

17、ood volume of per ventricular contraction (mL/beat), EDV-ESV=70ml.Ejection fraction (EF)The proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume) Ejection fraction =（EDV - ESV） EDV = 5565.Cardiac output (CO)The product of the frequency of pumping (heart rat

18、e) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume. = SVHR, 5-6 L / min. Or cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a period of time (min).Cardiac index (CI)Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area. Cardiac res

19、erve (CR)The ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood above the basal level.Systolic PressureThe pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at

20、rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adult is 100120mmHg.Diastolic PressureDiastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.Pulse Pressure The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.Mean arterial blood

21、 pressure (MAP)The mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure; 100mmHg (13.3kPa)Central venous pressure (CVP)The venous pressure as measured at the right atrium, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, 412 cmH2O.Microcir

22、culation Capillary blood circulation between the arteriole and venule is microcirculation.External respiration The exchange of gases between pulmonary blood and the external environment.Internal respirationThe exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the systemic capillaries. Pulmonary ventila

23、tionIt is the exchange of gas between the alveoli and the environment. Intrapleural pressureIt is the pressure between the chest wall and lungs. Or the pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.Tidal volume (TV)The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiratio

24、n (or the amount that moves out with each expiration) i.e., the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath; it amounts to about 500ml. Functional residual capacity (FRC)The volume at which these two opposing forces (lungs, contraction and chest, expansion) balance is called the functi

25、onal residual capacity (FRC). Or it equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).Anatomic dead spaceThe space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exc

26、hange with blood in the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful the gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages.Alveolar ventilation It measures the volume of air that actually reaches the alveoli per unit time because it tak

27、es into account dead space volume or it =(tidal volume-dead space )respiratory frequency, and it is a pulmonary ventilative accurate estimating index.Ventilation/perfusion ratioThe ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung, at rest about 0.84 (4.2 L/min ventilation di

28、vided by 5.5 L/min blood flow).Oxygen dissociation curve The curve describes relationship between the PO2 and the hemoglobin oxygen saturation, which has a characteristic sigmoid shape.Bohr effectBlood pH or PCO2 increase Hb releasing O2 (affinity)Haldane effect Blood O2 binding with hemoglobin (Hb)

29、 induces CO2 release, and HHb easily combines with CO2.Carbon dioxide dissociation curve The curve describes relationship between the PCO2 and the CO2 content in blood.Digestion It is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form.Absorption It is the process of transpor

30、ting small molecules from the lumen of the gut into blood stream or lymphatic vessel.Basic electrical rhythm (BER)In the stomach and intestine, smooth muscle cells undergo spontaneous, rhythmic membrane depolarizations called the basic electrical rhythm (BER). Gastric emptyingGastric emptying is a p

31、rocess of chyme coming from stomach to duodenum.Intrinsic factor It as a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 by the ileum where have the specific receptors.Enterohepatic circulationBile acids secreted by the liver and delivered to the duodenum in bi

32、le are returned to the liver in the portal venous blood after being reabsorbed by the ileum. The process is called the enterohepatic circulation. Energy metabolismThe energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body.Respiratory quotient (RQ)Basal metabolism rate (BMR)Energy metabolism rate under the basal conditions which are morning, wak