Early Romantics.docx

Early Romantics.docx

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EarlyRomantics

Ⅰ.LiteratureofColonialPeriod

（1607-1765）

Puritanism:

1.Origin:

TheearlyPuritansfeltthattheProtestantchurchinEnglandwastoopolitical,toocompromising,andtooCatholic.TheaimoftheearlyPuritanswastofurtherpurifythechurch（hencetheirname）.Hardworkwasconsideredareligiousdutyandemphasiswaslaidonconstantself-examinationandself-discipline. 

2.4doctrines:

1.Predestination

2.Originalsin

3.Totaldepravity

4.LimitedatonementfromGod’sgrace

3.RelationshipwithAmericanliterature

Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,thatis,theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.AmericanliteratureisingoodmeasurealiteraryexpressionofthepiousidealismoftheAmericanPuritanbequest.

writers:

AnneBradstreet:

thefirstAmericanwomanwriter

IIRevolutionaryandIndependentWarPeriod（1765—1800）

Writers:

1.TheGreatAwakening（大觉醒时期）—JonathanEdwards

•PersonalNarrative《自述》

•FreedomoftheWill《意志的自由》

•TheDoctrineofOriginalSinDefend《原罪说辩》

•TheNatureofTrueVirtue《真正美德的本质》

•SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod

《发怒的上帝手中的罪人》

•ImagesorShadowsofDivineThings

《神灵的形影》

2.TheEnlightenment（启蒙运动时期）——BenjaminFranklin：

thefirstpersontopickoutAmericandreamandthe1stwritertowriteautobiography,thefirstself-madeAmerican.

Works:

PoorRichard’sAlmanac《格言历书》TheAutobiography《自传》

Hisstatus：

1）socialreformer2）scientist3）politician4）writer

HeSignTheDeclarationofIndependence（独立宣言）

3.ThomasPaine（1737-1809）

Fightfortherightsofman.Helptospurandinspiretwogreatestrevolutionsofhisage

Works:

CommonSense《常识》（1776）

TheAmericanCrisis《美国危机》（1776.12–1783.4）

TheRightsofMan《人的权利》（1791--92）

TheAgeofReason《理智时代》（1794--95）

3.ThomasJefferson:

DeclarationofIndependence《独立宣言》

术语解释

Puritanism：

HistoricallyPuritanismbeganearly（c.1560）inthereignofQueenElizabethIasamovementforreligiousreform.TheearlyPuritansfeltthattheProtestantchurchinEnglandwastoopolitical,toocompromising,andtooCatholic.TheaimoftheearlyPuritanswastofurtherpurifythechurch（hencetheirname）.

补充：

TothePuritans,apersonbynaturewaswhollysinfulandcouldachievegoodonlybysevereandunremittingdiscipline.Hardworkwasconsideredareligiousdutyandemphasiswaslaidonconstantself-examinationandself-discipline.

Originalsin：

GodhadcreatedhumanityoriginallytobecapableofobeyingGod’swill,butwiththefirstsinintheGardenofEden,humanitylostthatcapacity,nowitisimpossibletoovercomethisbasicseparationbetweenGodandpeople.Nothingwedocanhelp.

Americandream：

AutobiographyrealisticallydescribedthelifeofFranklinwhoserags-to-richesexperiencesbecametheprototypeofmanyAmerican’sdreamofsuccess.（这里无答案，自己概括）

EarlyRomanticism（1800-）

HenryWadsworthLongfellow（1807-1882）:

VoicesoftheNight《夜籁集》

BalladsandOtherPoems《歌谣及其他》

Evangeline《伊凡吉林》

TheSongofHiawatha《海华沙之歌》

TheCourtshipofMilesStandish《麦尔思·斯丹狄士的求婚》

Poem:

IShotanArrow...

APsalmofLife---fromVoicesoftheNight

Hisliterarystatus:

FirstAmericanpoettowritenarrativepoems.

Mostcelebratedpoetofhistime.

AmericansubjectsinEuropeanstyles.

Musicalandspiritual.

NewEnglandPoet

WilliamCullenBryant（1794-1878）:

Acollectionofpoems

TheFountain（1842）

Thanatopsis死亡观（1817）---hismostfamousnaturepoems/deathaspartofnature

ToAWaterfowl致水鸟（1815）

ThePrairies大草原（1833）---blankverse（素体诗）

Hisliteraryachievement:

OneofAmerica'searliestnaturalistpoets.

“TheAmericanWordsworth”

NewEnglandPoet

Foursubjects:

1.Thebeautyofnature

2.Thedignityofhumanity

3.Thesacrednessofhumanfreedom

4.ThepowerofGod

JamesFenimoreCooper（1789—1851）:

Novelsabouttherevolutionarypast，seanovelsandtheAmericanfrontiernovels.

Themes:

wildernessvs.civilization;

Freedomvs.law;

Ordervs.change;

Aristocratvs.democrat;

Naturalrightsvs.legalrights

Works:

TheSpy（1821）-anovelabouttheRevolutionaryWar

ThePilot（1824）-aseanovel

Leatherstockingseries（1stseriesnovel）-5novelsaboutAmericanfrontier,withNattyBumppoasthecentralfigure包括：

Thepioneers（1823）---《开拓者》youth

TheLastofMohicans（1826）---《最后的莫西干人》middleagematurity

ThePrairie（1827）---《草原》inthelate30sandfallinlove

ThePathfinder（1840）---《探路者》old

TheDeerslayer（1841）---《杀鹿者》dying

Hisstyle:

Highlyimaginative

Goodatinventingtales

Goodatlandscapedescription

Conservative

Characterizationwoodenandlackinginprobability

Languageanduseofdialectnotauthentic

HiscontributiontoAm.Lit.:

①Hewasthefirstwriterofseanovels.

②Hewasthefirstexcellentwriterofbordernovels.

③Hewasthefirstwriterofseriesnovels.

④Hewasthefirstromanticwriterwithrationalism-Cooper’sambivalence.（gobacktothethemes）

⑤HewasthefirstwriterinAm.appreciatedbymanywritersofdifferentnationalitiesanddifferentgenerations.

⑥HewasamythicwriterandcreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodoftheAm.Nation.

⑦1stauthortowriteaboutWesternMovement

WashingtonIrving（1783-1859）:

TheSketchBook（1820）《见闻札记》---acollectionof33essaysandstories

“RipVanwinkle”《瑞普.凡.温克尔》

“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”《睡谷的传说》

Hisstyle:

Gracefulandrefined；

Sentimental；

Writetoamuseandentertain，nottomoralize；

Writewithgreathumor;

Thethemeofchangeandmutability;nostalgic怀旧情绪

HiscontributiontoAm.Lit.:

①HewasthefatherofAmericanliterature

②Hewasthefirstromanticwriter,firsttogetinternationalfame;

③Hemadeshortstoryasagenre;

④HisstoriesbasedonthelegendsofEuropeandSpaingavehisreadersaglimpseofaworldbeyondtheirownshores

⑤HiscolorfullegendsoftheHudsonRiverValleyhelpedawakenAm.toanappreciationoftheirnationanditsnativelit.

Romanticism:

Imagination

Heartfeelingmoreimportantthanheadthinking

Closerelationshipbtwmanandnature

Individualismagainstgroupandauthority

Theaffirmationoftheinnerself

Useofthepastandnon-normal

AmericanRomanticism（II）---Transcendentalism

Historicalbackground

Abroad,philosophicalmovementinNewEnglandduringtheRomanticera（peak：

1836-1855）;thefirstAmericanintellectualmovement.

StartedbyagroupofpeopleintheTranscendentalClubinthe1830swhopublishedtheirviewsinthejournalTheDial

SourcesoftheriseofTranscendentalism

1.Unitarianism（唯一神论）

2.TheidealisticphilosophyfromFranceandGermany

3.OrientalmysticismsuchasHinduismandphilosophyoftheChineseConfuciusandMencius;

4.AmericanPuritantradition

FeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism

1.Spirit\Oversoul（Oversoulisaunitarypowerofgoodness，omnipresentandomnipotent，fromwhichallthingscameandofwhicheveryonewasapart。

）

2.Importanceofindividualism

3.Nature-symbolofspirit/Godgarmentoftheoversoul

4.Focusonintuition（irrationalismandsubconsciousness）

Weakness

1.wasneverasystematicphilosophy.Itborrowedfrommanysourcesandreconciledfewofthem.

2.Wheneverthedemandoflogicbecametooinsistent,itturnedtomysticism.

LiteraryrepresentativesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism

RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生（1803--1882）

Hislife

DescendantofNewEnglandclergymen

Experienced“genteelpoverty”asachild

WenttoHarvard,reconsiderCalvinistbelief,embracedUnitarianism

BecameaUnitarianministertotheSecondchurchofBoston

LefthisjobtoEuropeandbroughtbackEuropeanRomanticism

FormedTranscendentalistClubanditsjournal“TheDial”,becamespokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism

“preach”inthelecture-roominsteadofatthepulpit

Traveledaroundandspreadhistranscendentalism

Hisworks

Nature《论自然》

“TheManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”

“TheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism”

1）Manisdivine;ThespiritualandimmanentGodisoperativeinthesoulofman;

2）Theindividual,notthecrowd,isthemostimportantofall.“theinfinitudeofman”人类发展无限论

3）Thephysicalworldisvitalisticandevolutionary.NaturewasemblematicofGod.Inaword,“Natureisthesymbolofspirit”.

ThePoet《论诗人》

HisaestheticsbroughtaboutarevolutioninAmericanliteratureingeneralandinAmericanpoetryinparticular;itmarkedthebirthoftrueAmericanpoetryandtrueAmericanpoetssuchasWaltWhitmanandEmilyDickinson.

TheAmericanScholar《美国学者》

---America’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence

RepresentativeMen《代表性人物》

EnglishTraits《英国人的特性》

TheConductofLife《论为人处事》

Essays《散文选》

Emerson:

“Self--Reliance”（1841）AnessaybyEmerson,publishedinEssays,FirstSeries（1841）.

Essays:

FirstSeries《散文选：

第一集》

Essays:

SecondSeries《散文选：

第二集》

ManyofhisfamousessaysareincludedinEssays,whichconveythebestofhisphilosophicaldiscussions,suchas“TheAmericanScholar”,“Self-Reliance”,“Theover-soul”.

Commentsonhim

★FounderoftheTranscendentalmovement

★ShaperofadistinctlyAmericanphilosophyembracingoptimism,individuality,andmysticism,

★His“TheAmericanScholar”,anaddressdeliveredbeforeHarvard’sPhiBetaKappaSociety,attackedAmericandependenceonEuropeanthoughtandurgedthecreationofanewliteraryheritage.

HenryDavidThoreau亨利.大卫.梭罗（1817--1862）

Hisworks

“CivilDisobedience”《非暴力反抗》or《论公民的不服从》

“APleaforJohnBrown”《为约翰．布朗辩护》

AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRivers《在康科德及麦瑞迈克河的一周》

Walden/LifeintheWoods（1854）

《瓦尔登湖/林中生活》

TheMaineWoods《缅因森林》

LetterstoVariousPerson《书信集》

Thoreau’smasterpiece-------Walden,orLifeintheWoods

Aseriesofeighteenessaysdescribinghisidealisticcreedandthebeautyofnature

WhydidhemoveontoWaldenPondonJuly4,theIndependenceDay?

It