指纹识别系统原文.docx
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指纹识别系统原文
ABSTRACT
WiththecontinuousdevelopmentofBiometricIdentificationTechnology,Peoplefoundthateachperson'sfingerprinthasuniquenessandinvariant.ThereforeFingerprintIdentificationTechnologygraduallydevelopedasanewidentityrecognitionmode,andwithitsgoodsafetyandreliability,ithasreplacedthetraditionalidentificationwaytrends.inbanks,homesetc.WehavetakenoneoftheBiometricmodalityi.e.fingerprintsforthispurposewhichisthemostreliablesecuritytoolforsecurityofthesystem.Fingerprintrecognitionhaslongbeenfavoredamongmanybiometricidentificationtechnologiesduetoitsuniquenessandpermanence.
Nowadays,fingerprintrecognitionisconsideredtobethebestchoiceformostapplicationsfromnetworksecuritysystemstocompactdevices,duetoitsaccuracy,speed,reliability,non-intrusiveinterfaces,andcost-effectiveness.WehavemadeafingerprintmatchingsystemusingMATLAB.AftercollectingthedatabaseweprovideasecuritytoavirtualprocessthathasbeendesignedinLABVIEWandmakeanefficientHMI.Thefingerprintrecognitionsystemmaysufferattacksatdifferentpointsduringtheauthenticationprocess.Somtimesthefingerprintsgives100%matchingbutitmaybefalsefingerprint.Themostcommonattacksoccurbytheuseoffakefingerprintduringthecaptureofimage.Thetransmissionchannelbetweenthefeatureextractorandmatchingmayalsobeinterceptedandthefingerprintfeaturemaybestoredforthelateruse.Themainproblemreliesonhowtodifferentiatealivefingerfromthatonemadeofsomesyntheticmaterial.InThisPaperwedisscusstheallsuchtypeofattacksaswellassomeotherintersetingandothertopicsrelatedtofingerprintslikethesemaybedamageorstolenbysomepersonandeffectofilllnesstothem.Thispapergivesanapprochtoremovesuchtypeofattacksbyusingavirtualsystem.Alongwiththisvirtualsystemsomeaspectsrelatedtosecurefingerprintisalsobeconsideredinthispaper.
Keywords:
Authentication,Biometrics,Fingerprintrecognition,HMI.
1.Introduction
Biometricsisatechnologythatuniquelyidentifiesapersonbasedonhisphysiologicalorbehavioralcharacteristics.Someofthebiometricswhichhaveexcellentpotentialforidentificationarethefingerprint,iris,retinalscan(Jainetal.,1997).Fingerprintmatchingisoneoftheoldestandtrustedbiometricforidentification(LeeandGaensslen,1991).Themanualclassificationsofthefingerprintsweretimeconsumingandpronetoerrors,henceitwasnotpossibletopromoteitonacommercialscale.ThefirstscientificpaperonfingerprintwasgivenbyEnglishmorphologistN.Grewin1684,inwhichhehadreportedhisstudyontheridge,furrowandporestructuresinthefingerprint.In1823,Purkinjedevelopedthefirstfingerprintclassificationschemeinwhichthefingerprintswereclassifiedintoninecategoriesaccordingtotheridgeconfiguration(LeeandGaensslen,1991).SirF.Galtonafteranextensivestudyoffingerprintsintroducedtheminutiaefeaturesforthefingerprintclassificationintheyear1888.Theminutiaepointsarethelocaldiscontinuitiesintheridgeflowpattern.TheFBIinvestedalotofeffortsincetheearly1960sinthedevelopmentoftheAFIS(FederalBureauofInvestigation,1984).EversincetheAutomaticFingerprintIdentificationSystem(AFIS)wasdevelopedin1991,rapidprogresshasbeenmadeinimprovingtherecognitionrates.Thisdevelopmenthasgreatlyimprovedthescopeofusingfingerprintforidentificationpurposesandinreducingthecostofhiringandtraininghumanexpertsforfingerprintmatching.Thecurrentworksinthisfieldfocusonmainlyreducingthecomputationtimeforfeatureextractionandmatchingandimprovingtheaccuracyoftheresults.Today,withthecrimeratesincreasingeverydaythereisanurgentneedforasystemwhichissafeandfast.
Securityisanevergrowingissueintoday’sworld.Itiscommontosafeguardthecomputers,offices,etc.Previously,passwordsandpinswerewidelyusedforprotection,butlateron,itwasfoundoutthatthesewerepronetoabuse.Thus,personalbiometricrecognitionhascometothestageandcurrentlyfingerprintandirisrecognitionarethemostwidelyusedmethods.Thosearealsousedincriminalcases,whichmakeserrorminimizationextremelyimportant.Therestillexiststheneedforbetterhardwareandsoftware.
Inthispaper,anovelandefficientalgorithmwhichrecognizesagivenfingerprintwithhighaccuracyispresented.Thesimulationresultsaregiven.Comparisonwiththepreviouslydesignedalgorithmsismadebasedonensembleaveraging.HMFAhasbeenfoundtoyieldmuchbetterresults。
2.INTRODUCTION
2.1Basicsonfingerprint
Fingerprintsarethetinyridges,whorlsandvalleypatternsonthetipofeachfinger.Theyformfrompressureonababy'stiny,developingfingersinthewomb.Notwopeoplehavebeenfoundtohavethesamefingerprints--theyaretotallyunique.There'saonein64billionchancethatyourfingerprintwillmatchupexactlywithsomeoneelse's.FingerprintsareevenmoreuniquethanDNA,thegeneticmaterialineachofourcells.AlthoughidenticaltwinscansharethesameDNA--oratleastmostofit--theycan'thavethesamefingerprints.Fingerprintingisoneformofbiometrics,asciencethatusespeople'sphysicalcharacteristicstoidentifythem.Fingerprintsareidealforthispurposebecausethey'reinexpensivetocollectandanalyze,andtheyneverchange,evenaspeopleage.
Fingerprintsaremadeofanarrangementofridges,calledfrictionridges.Eachridgecontainspores,whichareattachedtosweatglandsundertheskin.Youleavefingerprintsonglasses,tablesandjustaboutanythingelseyoutouchbecauseofthissweat.Thefingerprintsurfaceismadeupofasystemofridgesandvalleysthatserveasfrictionsurfacewhenwearegrippingtheobjects.Thesurfaceexhibitsveryrichstructuralinformationwhenexaminedasanimage.Thefingerprintimagescanberepresentedbybothglobalaswellaslocalfeatures.Theglobalfeaturesincludetheridgeorientation,ridgespacingandsingularpointssuchascoreanddelta.Thesingularpointsareveryusefulfromtheclassificationperspective.However,verificationusuallyreliesexclusivelyonminutiaefeatures.Minutiaearelocalfeaturesmarkedbyridgediscontinuities.Thereareabout18distincttypesofminutiaefeaturesthatincluderidgeendings,bifurcations,crossoversandislands.Amongthese,ridgeendingsandbifurcationarethecommonlyusedfeatures.Therearetwodifferenttypesofprints:
Visibleprintsaremadeonatypeofsurfacethatcreatesanimpression,likeblood,dirtorclay.
Latentprintsaremadewhensweat,oilandothersubstancesontheskinreproducetheridgestructureofthefingerprintsonaglass,murderweaponoranyothersurfacetheperpetratorhastouched.Theseprintscan'tbeseenwiththenakedeye,buttheycanbemadevisibleusingdarkpowder,lasersorotherlightsources.Policeofficerscan"lift"theseprintswithtapeortakespecialphotographsofthem.
Basedontwentyyearsofcontinuingtechnologydevelopmentandsuccessfuloperationalexperience,fingerprintbiometricsremaintheonlyscientificallyandoperationallyprovenbiometrictechnology,theonlybiometrictechnologywithamatureinfrastructureofsupportingtechnologies,andtheonlytechnologysupportedbynationalandinternationalstandards.Technologyadvancesmadeoverthepastfewyearshaveresultedinoff-the-shelffingerprintIDsystemswiththecapabilitytocompleteduplicateregistrationsearchesofverylargedatabasesinseconds.Fingerprintshaveseveraladvantagesoverotherbiometrics,suchasthefollowing:
1.Highuniversality:
Alargemajorityofthehumanpopulationhaslegiblefingerprintsandcanthereforebeeasilyauthenticated.Thisexceedstheextentofthepopulationwhopossesspassports,IDcardsoranyotherformoftokens.
2.Highdistinctiveness:
EvenidenticaltwinswhosharethesameDNAhavebeenshowntohavedifferentfingerprints,sincetheridgestructureonthefingerisnotencodedinthegenesofanindividual.Thus,fingerprintsrepresentastrongerauthenticationmechanismthanDNA.
3.Highpermanence:
Theridgepatternsonthesurfaceofthefingerareformedinthewombandremaininvariantuntildeathexceptinthecaseofsevereburnsordeepphysicalinjuries.
4.Highperformance:
FingerprintsremainoneofthemostaccuratebiometricmodalitiesavailabletodatewithjointlyoptimalFAR(falseacceptrate)andFRR(falserejectrate).
5.Wideacceptability:
Whileaminorityoftheuserpopulationisreluctanttogivetheirfingerprintsduetotheassociationwithcriminalandforensicfingerprintdatabases,itisbyfarthemostwidelyusedmodalityforbiometricauthentication.Althoughaswedisscussedfingerprintismostreliablebiomericsforauthenticationbutbecauseofhighcrimnalactivitiestheremaybeattackonthesefingerprints.Thefingerprintrecognitionsystemmaysufferattacksatdifferentpointsduringtheauthenticationprocess.Sectionandsub-sectionheadingsandttributes.Themostcommonattacksoccurbytheuseoffakefingerprintduringthecaptureofimage.Afakefingerprintarebuildfromlatentfingerprintleftattoucheditemssuchasglasses,doorknobs,glossypaper,etc.Usingthisfingerprintarebuildthree-dimensionalmoldsofrubbermembrane,glue,orgelatin.Duringthetransmissionoftheimagetothefeatureextractormayoccurinterceptionofthechannel,andconsequently,thefingerprintimagemaybestolenandlater,usedforfakefingerprintconstructionorfordirectlyaccesstofeatureextractorbybypassingthescanner.Thefeatureextractormaybesubstitute