新托福词汇分类突破0135.docx
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新托福词汇分类突破0135
附录一：
托福专题分类（TOEFLTOPICcategories）
BASICCATEGORY
∙Arts
∙LifeScience
∙PhysicalScience
∙SocialScience
Arts
∙Architecture
∙Industrialdesign/art
∙Cityplanning
∙Crafts:
weaving,knitting,fabrics,furniture,carving,mosaics,ceramics,etc;folkandtribalart
∙Cave/rockart
∙Musicandmusichistory
∙Photography
∙Literatureandauthors
∙Books,newspapers,magazines,journals
Lifescience
∙Extinctionoforconservationeffortsforanimalsandplants
∙Fishandotheraquaticorganisms
∙Bacteriaandotherone-celledorganisms
∙Viruses
∙Medicaltechniques
∙Publichealth
∙Physiologyofsensoryorgans
∙Biochemistry
∙Animalbehavior,e.g.,migration,foodforaging,defensivebehavior
∙Habitatsandtheadaptationofanimalsandplantstothem
∙Nutritionanditsimpactonthebody
∙Animalcommunication
Physicalscience
∙Weatherandatmosphere
∙Oceanography
∙Glaciers,glaciallandforms,iceages
∙Desertsandotherextremeenvironments
∙Pollution,alternativeenergy,environmentalpolicy
∙Otherplanets’atmospheres
∙Astronomyandcosmology
∙Propertiesoflight,optics
∙Propertiesofsound
∙Electromagneticradiation
∙Particlephysics
∙TechnologyofTV,radio,radar
∙Math
∙Chemistryofinorganicthings
∙Computerscience
∙Seismology（platestructure,earthquakes,tectonics,continentaldrift,structureofvolcanoes）
Socialscience
∙Anthropologyofnon-industrializedcivilizations
∙Earlywritingsystems
∙Historicallinguistics
∙Business,management
∙TV/radioasmasscommunication
∙Socialbehaviorofgroups,communitydynamics,communalbehavior
∙Childdevelopment
∙Education
∙Modernhistory（includingthehistoryofurbanizationandindustrializationandtheireconomicandsocialeffects）
001
Basicbuildingmaterialsinclude:
timber,mud,stone,marble,brick,tile,steel,andcementconcrete.Masonrywallsarebuiltwithstonesorbricks,coheredthroughtheuseofmortar,firstcomposedoflimeandsand.Theprofusionofaluminumanditsanodizedcoatingsprovidedcladdingmaterialthatwaslightweightandvirtuallymaintenancefree.GlasswasknowninprehistoryandiscelebratedforitscontributionstoGothicarchitecture.
o木材
omarble[5mB:
bl]n.大理石
otile[tail]n.饰面砖，瓷砖
ocementconcrete[si5ment][5kCnkri:
t]n.水泥混凝土
omasonrywall[5meisEnri][wC:
l]n.砖墙，砖瓦墙
ocohere[kEu5hiE]v.粘合
omortar[5mC:
tE]n.砂浆，灰浆
olime[laim]n.石灰
oprofusion[prE5fju:
VEn]n.大量（aprofusionof:
大量的）
oaluminum[C5lu:
mEnEm]n.铝
oanodizedcoating[5AnEdaiz][5kEutiN]n.电镀层，电镀膜（anodizev.阳极氧化:
用电解方式给（金属面）镀上一层保护性或装饰性的氧化物）
ocladding[5klAdiN]n.覆层：
在高温高压下结合到另一金属上的金属外层
ocelebrated[5selEbreitid]adj.著名的
oGothic[5^BWik]adj.哥特式的
oarchitecture[5B:
kEtektFE]n.建筑,建筑学
002
Twobasicapproachesofspanningovermasonrywallsarepost-and-lintelconstructionandarch,vault,anddomeconstruction.
ospan[spAn]v.（桥,拱等）横跨
opost-and-linteln.连梁柱
ovault [vɔːlt]拱顶,地下室
odomen. 圆屋顶,穹窿,圆盖;苍穹;半球形物;大厦
003
TheChicagoarchitectLouisSullivan’scareerconvergeswiththeso-calledChicagoSchoolofarchitects,whosechallengewastoinventtheskyscraperorhigh-risebuilding,facilitatedbytheintroductionoftheelectricelevatorandtheabundanceofsteel.Thebuilding’sskeletoncouldbeerectedquicklyandtheremainingcomponentshungonittocompleteit,animmenseadvantageforhigh-risebuildingsonbusycitystreets.
oarchitect[5B:
kitekt]n.建筑师
oconverge[kEn5vE:
dV]v.聚合于，集中于一点
oschool[sku:
l]n.学派
oskyscraper[5skaiskreipE]n.摩天大楼
ofacilitate[fE5silEteit]v.提供便利
oelectricelevator[i5lektrik][elEveitE]n.电梯
oabundance[E5bQndEns]n.充裕
oskeleton[5skelEtEn]n.框架结构，整体框架
oerect[i5rekt]v.树立，建立
ocomponent[kEm5pEunEnt]n.零件，构件
oimmense[i5mens]adj.极大的
004
Interiordesignofapartmentsandhouses,thatis,dwellings,usuallyinvolvesbothpracticalandaestheticdecisions.Choiceshavetobemadeforalmosteveryelements,ceilingsandlamps,curtainsandblinds,corridoranddoorway,nichesandledges,grateandventilations,terracesandstaircases,evensewersordrainers.Sometimessuchdesignsareextendedtothefaçadeofthebuilding,andeventoafountain,oragardeningyard.
ointeriordesign[in5tiEriE][di5zain]n.室内设计
odwelling[5dweliN]n.住处，居住空间
oinvolve[in5vClv]v.包括
oaesthetic[es5Wetik]adj.美学的
oceiling[5si:
liN]n.天花板
ocurtain[5kE:
tEn]n.窗帘
oblind[blaind]n.窗帘（尤指固定在卷轴上能够拉下来的布质窗帘）
ocorridor[5kCrEdE]n.走廊
odoorway[5dC:
weI]]n.门口
oniche[nitF]n.壁橱
oledge[ledV]n.壁架
ograte[^reit]n.壁炉
oventilation[ventE5leiFEn]n.通风设备
oterrace[5terEs]n.阳台
ostaircase[5steEkeis]n.楼梯
osewer[5suE]n.排水沟
odrainer[5dreinE]n.下水道装置,滤水器
ofaçade[fE5sB:
d]n.（建筑物的）外立面，尤指正面
ofountain[5fauntin]n.喷泉
oyard[jB:
d]n.庭院
005
Theleaseisacontractofrentunderwhichoneparty,calledlandlordorlessor,grantspossessionanduseofthepropertyforalimitedtermtotheotherparty,whoiscalledtenantorlessee.
olease[li:
s]n.租约
orent[rent]n.租金
olandlord[5lAndlC:
d]n.房东
olessor[5lesC:
]n.出租人
ogrant[^rB:
nt]v.授与（权利）;让与（财产）
opossession[pE5zeFEn]n.占有，拥有
oproperty[5prCpEti]n.财产，所有物
otenant[5tenEnt]n.房客
olessee[le5si:
]n.承租人
006
Abigcity,ormetropolis,isoftenaccompaniedbysuburbs.Suchcitiesareusuallyassociatedwithmetropolitanareasandurbansprawl,creatinglargeamountsofbusinesscommuters.Onceacitysprawlsfarenoughtoreachanothercity,thisregioncanbedeemedaconurbationormegalopolis.
ometropolis[mE5trapElis]n.大城市
osuburb[5sQbE:
b]n.城郊（缩写:
sub）
obeassociatedwith[E5sEuFieit]v.与…相关
ometropolitan[metrE5pRlEtEn]adj.大城市的
ourban[5E:
bEn]adj.城市的
osprawl[sprC:
l]n.（城市的）无计划扩展
ocommuter[kE5mju:
tE]n.通勤者（定期从一地到另一地旅行的人，如从郊区到城市并回来）
odeem[di:
m]v.视为
oconurbation[7kanE5beiFEn]n.（连带卫星城镇和市郊的）大都市
omegalopolis[7mi^E5lapElEs]n.特大城市
007
Sanitationisthehygienicmeansofpreventinghumancontactfromthehazardsofwastes,eitherphysical,microbiological,biologicalorchemicalagentsofdisease,whichincludeshumanandanimalfeces,solidwastes,domesticwastewater（sewage,sullage,greywater）,etc.Hygienicmeansofpreventioncanbepracticedbyusingsimpletechnologies（e.g.latrines,septictanks）,orbypersonalhygienepractices.
osanitation[sAnE5teiFEn]n.公共卫生
ohygienic[hai5dVi:
nik]adj.卫生学的（hygiene[5haidVi:
n]卫生学）
omicrobiological[7maikrEubaiE5lCdVikEl]adj.微生物学的
oagent[5eidVEnt]n.媒介
ofeces[5fi:
si:
z]n.粪便
odomestic[dE5mestik]adj.家庭的
osewage[5su:
idV]n.污水
osullage[5sQlidV]n.（房屋,街道等排出的）污物
ogreywater[5^reiwC:
tE]n.生活污水
olatrine[lE5tri:
n]n.公共厕所
oseptictank[5septik][tANk]n.化粪池
opersonalhygienepractice[5pE:
sEnl][5haidVi:
n][5prAktEs]v.个人卫生习惯
008
Apublicutility（usuallyjustutility）isacompanythatmaintainsandprovidestheinfrastructureforapublicservice.Althoughutilitiescanbeprivatelyownedorpubliclyowned,theyofteninvolvenaturalmonopolies.
opublicutility[5pQblik][ju:
5tilEti]n.公用事业
oinfrastructure[5infrE7strQktFE]n.基础设施
oprivatelyowned[5praivEtli][Eund]adj.私有
opubliclyowned[5pQblikli][Eund]adj.公有
omonopoly[mE5nCpEli]n.垄断
009
Thefieldoftransporthasseveralaspects:
infrastructure,vehicles,andoperations.Infrastructureincludesthetransportnetworks（roads,railways,airways,waterways,canals,pipelines,etc.）thatareused,aswellasthenodesorterminals（suchasairports,railwaystations,busstationsandseaports）.Vehiclestravellingonthenetworkswillincludeautomobiles,bicycles,buses,trainsandaircraft.Theoperationsdealwiththewaythevehiclesareoperatedonthenetworkandtheproceduressetforthispurposeincludingthelegalenvironment（Laws,Codes,Regulations,etc.）Policies,suchashowtofinancethesystem（forexample,theuseoftollsorgasolinetaxes）maybeconsideredpartoftheoperations.
ooperation[7apE5reiFEn]n.运营
ocanal[kE5nAl]n.运河
opipeline[5paip7lain]n.管道,输送管道
onode[nEud]n.中转站
oterminal[5tE:
minl]n.终点站
oseaport[5si:
pCt]n.港口
ovehicle[5vi:
ikl]n.交通工具
olaw[lC:
]n.法律
ocode[kEud]n.法规
oregulation[re^ju5leiFEn]n.规章制度
otoll[tEul]n.通行费
ogasoline[5^AsEli:
n]n.汽油
010
Railtransportistheconveyanceofpassengersandgoodsbymeansofwheeledvehiclesspeciallydesignedtorunalongrailwaysorrailroads.Typicalrailwaytracksconsistoftwoparallelrails,normallymadeofsteel,securedtocrossbeams,termedties.Thetiesmaintainaconstantdistancebetweenthetworails;ameasurementknownasthe"gauge"ofthetrack.Tomaintainthealignmentofthetrackitiseitherlaidonabedofballastorelsesecuredtoasolidconcretefoundation.Railtransportisanenergy-efficientandcapital-intensivecomponentoflogistics;incontrast,atraditionalwagoncancarrynomorethanseveraltonsoffreight.
orailtransport[reil][trAns5pC:
t]n.铁路运输
oconveyance[kEn5veiEns]n.运送
obymeansof[bai][mi:
nz][Ev]prep.通过…方式
oconsistof[kEn5sist][Ev]v.由...组成
osecureto[si5kjuE][tu]v.固定在…
ocrossbeam[`krCsbi:
m]n.横梁
otie[tai]n.枕木
ogauge[^eidV]n.轨距
oalignment[E5lainmEnt]n.直线排列
oballast[5bAlEst]n.道碴
oconcrete[5kCnkri:
t]n.混凝土
oenergy-efficient[5enEdVi][i5fiFEnt]adj.能源节约的
ocapital-intensive[5kApEtEl][in5tensiv]adj.资本密集型的
ologistics[lEu5dVistiks]n.物流
owagon[5wA^En]n.四轮马车
ofreight[freit]n.货物
011
Developmentsintechnologyhaveerodedsomeofthenaturalmonopolyaspectsoftraditionalpublicutilities.Forinstance,electricitygeneration,electricityretailing,telecommunicationandpostalserviceshavebecomecompetitiveinsomecountriesandthetrendtowardsliberalization,deregu
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