历年英语专业八级改错真题.docx
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历年英语专业八级改错真题
2020年真题
Sofaraswecantell,allhumanlanguagesareequallycompleteandperfect
asinstrumentsofcommunication:
thatis,everylanguageappearstobewell1
equippedasanyothertosaythethingstheirspeakerswanttosay.2
Theremayormaynotbeappropriatetotalkaboutprimitivepeoplesor3
cultures,butthatisanothermatter.Certainly,notallgroupsofpeopleare
equallycompetentinnuclearphysicsorpsychologyorthecultivationofriceor
theengravingofBenaresbrass.Whereasthisisnotthefaultoftheirlanguage.4
TheEskimoscanspeakaboutsnowwithagreatdealfurtherprecisionand5
subtletythanwecaninEnglish,butthisisnotbecausetheEskimolanguage
(oneofthosesometimesmiscalled'primitive')isinherentlymorepreciseand
subtlethanEnglish.ThisexampledoesnotcometolightadefectinEnglish,6
ashowofunexpected'primitiveness'.Thepositionissimplyandobviously
thattheEskimosandtheEnglishliveinsimilarenvironments.TheEnglish7
languagewillbejustasrichintermsfordifferentkindsofsnow,8
presumably,iftheenvironmentsinwhichEnglishwashabituallyusedmade
suchdistinctionasimportant.9
Similarly,wehavenoreasontodoubtthattheEskimolanguagecouldbe
aspreciseandsubtleonthesubjectofmotormanufactureorcricketifthese
topicsformedthepartoftheEskimos'life.Forobvioushistoricalreasons,10
Englishmeninthenineteenthcenturycouldnottalkaboutmotorcarswiththe
minutediscriminationwhichispossibletoday:
carswerenotapartoftheir
culture.Buttheyhadahostoftermsforhorse-drawnvehicleswhichsendus,
puzzled,toahistoricaldictionarywhenwearereadingScottorDickens.How
manyofuscoulddistinguishbetweenachaise,alandau,avictoria,abrougham,
acoupe,agig,adiligence,awhisky,acalash,atilbury,acarriole,aphaeton,
andaclarence?
2020年真题
Theprevioussectionhasshownhowquicklyarhymepasses
fromoneschoolchildtothenextandillustratesthefurtherdifference
(1)_____
betweenschoolloreandnurserylore.Innurseryloreaverse,learnt
inearlychildhood,isnotusuallypassedonagainwhenthelittlelistener
(2)__
hasgrownup,andhaschildrenoftheirown,orevengrandchildren.(3)_____
Theperiodbetweenlearninganurseryrhymeandtransmitting
Itmaybesomethingfromtwentytoseventyyears.Withtheplayground(4)_____
lore,therefore,arhymemaybeexcitedlypassedonwhtintheveryhour(5)_____
itislearnt;andinthegeneral,itpassesbetweenchildrenofthe(6)_____
sameage,ornearlyso,sinceitisuncommonforthedifferenceinage
betweenplaymatestobemorethanfiveyears.Iftherefore,aplayground
rhymecanbeshowntohavebeencurrentlyforahundredyears,or(7)_____
evenjustforfifty,itfollowsthatithasbeenretransmittingover
andover;verypossiblyithaspassedalongachainoftwoorthree(8)_____
hundredyounghearersandtellers,andthewonderisthatitremainslive(9)____
aftersomuchhandling,toletalonethatitbearsresemblancetothe(10)____
originalwording.
2020年真题
Thedesiretouselanguageasasignofnationalidentityisa
verynaturalone,andinresultlanguagehasplayedaprominent
(1)__________
partinnationalmoves.Menhaveoftenfelttheneedtocultivate
(2)__________
agivenlanguagetoshowthattheyaredistinctivefromanother(3)__________
racewhosehegemonytheyresent.AtthetimetheUnitedStates(4)___________
splitofffromBritain,forexample,therewereproposalsthat
independenceshouldbelinguisticallyacceptedbytheuseofa(5)__________
differentlanguagefromthoseofBritain.Therewasevenone(6)__________
proposalthatAmericansshouldadoptHebrew.Othersfavoured
theadoptionofGreek,thought,asonemanputit,thingswould
certainlybesimplerforAmericansiftheystuckontoEnglish(7)__________
andmadetheBritishlearnGreek.Attheend,aseveryone(8)__________
know,thetwocountriesadoptedthepracticalandsatisfactory
solutionofcarryingwiththesamelanguageasbefore.(9)__________
Sincenearlytwohundredyearsnow,theyhaveshowntheworld(10)_________
Thatpoliticalindependenceandnationalidentitycanbecomplete
Withoutsacrificingtheenormousmutualadvantagesofacommon
language.
2007年真题
Fromwhathasbeensaid,itmustbeclearthatnoonecan
makeverypositivestatementsabouthowlanguageoriginated.
Thereisnomaterialinanylanguagetodayandintheearliest
(1)_____________
recordsofancientlanguagesshowuslanguageinanewand
(2)_____________
emergingstate.Itisoftensaid,ofcourse,thatthelanguage(3)_____________
originatedincriesofanger,fear,painandpleasure,andthe(4)_____________
necessaryevidenceisentirelylacking:
therearenoremote
tribes,noancientrecords,providingevidenceofalanguagewitha
largeproportionofsuchcriesthanwefindinEnglish.Tiistruethatthe(5)__________
absenceofsuchevidencedoesnotdisprovethetheory,butin(6)____________
othergroundstoothetheoryisnotveryattractive.
Peopleofallracesandlanguagesmakerathersimilar
noisesinreturntopainorpleasure.Thefactthatsuchnoisesare(7)____________
similaronthelipsofFrenchmenandMalaysianswhoselanguages
areutterlydifferent,servestoemphasizeonthefundamental(8)___________
differencebetweenthesenoisesandlanguageproper.Wemay
saythatthecriesofpainorchortlesofamusementarelargely
reflexactions,instinctivetolargeextent,whereaslanguage(9)___________
properdoesnotconsistofsignsbutofthesethathavetobelearnt(10)___________
andthatarewhollyconventional.
2006年真题
Weuselanguageprimarilyasmeansofcommunicationwith
otherhumanbeings.Eachofusshareswiththecommunityinwhich
weliveastoreofwordsandmeaningsaswellasagreeingconven-
(1)___________
tionsastothewayinwhichwordsshouldbearrangedtoconveya
(2)____________
particularmessage;theEnglishspeakerhasinhisdisposalavocabu-(3)____________
laryandasetofgrammaticalruleswhichinableshimtocommuni-(4)___________
catehisthoughtsandfeelings,inavarietyofstyles,totheother(5)____________
Englishspeakers.Hisvocabulary,inparticular,boththatwhichhe
usesactivelyandthatwhichherecognizes,increasesinsizeashe
growsold,asaresultofeducationandexperience.(6)___________
But,whetherthelanguagestoreisrelativelysmallorlarge,
thesystemremainsnomorethanapsychologicalrealityfortheindi-
vidual,unlesshehasameansofexpressingitintermsabletobe
seenbyanothermemberofhislinguisticcommunity;hehastogive(7)__________
thesystemaconcretetransmissionform.Wetakeitforgrantedthe(8)____________
twomostcommonformsoftransmission—bymeansofsoundspro-
ducedbyourvocalorgans(speech)orbyvisualsigns(writing).And(9)____________
theseareamongmoststrikingofhumanachievements.(10)___________
2005年真题
Anumberofcollegesanduniversitieshaveannouncedsteeptu-
itionincreasesfornextyear—muchsteeperthanthecurrent,
verylow,rateofinflation.Theysaytheincreasesareneededbe-
causeofalossinvalueofuniversityendowmentsheavilyinvesting
(1)__________
incommonstock.Iamskeptical.Abusinessfirmchoosestheprice
thatmaximizesitsnetrevenues,irrespectivefluctuationsinin-
(2)__________
come;andincreasinglytiheoutlookofuniversitiesintheUnited
Statesisindistinguishablefromthoseofbusinessfirms.Therisein(3)__________
tuitionsmayreflectthefacteconomicuncertaintyincreasesthede-(4)__________
mandforeducation.Thebiggestcostofbeingintheschoolisfore-(5)___________
goingincomefromajob(thisprimarilyafactoringraduate—and
professional—schooltuition):
thepoorone’sjobprospects,themore(6)__________
senseitmakestoreallocatetimefromthejobmarkettoeducation,
inordertomakeoneselfmoremarketable.
Thewayswhichuniversitiesmakethemselvesattractiveto(7)_________
studentsincludesoftmajors,studentevaluationsofteachers,giving
studentsagovernancerole,andeliminaterequiredcourses,Sky-(8)__________
hightuitionshavecauseduniversitiestoregardtheirstudentsas
customers.Justasbusinessfirmssometimescolludetoshortenthe(9)_________
rigorsofcompetition,universitiescolludetominimizethecostto
themoftheathleteswhomtheyrecruitinordertostimulatealumni
donations,sothebestathletesnowoftenbypasshighereducationin
ordertoobtainsalariesearlierfromprofessionalteams.Anduntil
theywerestoppedbytheantitrustauthorities,theIvyLeague
schoolscolludedtolimitcompetitionforthebeststudents,by
agreeingnottoawardscholarshipsonthebasisofmeritratherthan
purelyofneed—justlikebusinessfirmsagreeingnottogivedis-
countsontheirbestcustomer.(10)________
2004年真题
Oneofthemostimportantnon-legislativefunctionsoftheU.S.
Congressisthepowertoinvestigate.Thispowerisusuallydelegated
tocommittees—eitherstandingcommittees,specialcommitteesset
(1)_________
foraspecificpurpose,orjointcommitteesconsistedofmembersof
(2)_________
bothhouses.
Investigationsareheldtogatherinformationontheneedfor
futurelegislation,totesttheeffectivenessoflawsalreadypassed,
toinquireintothequalificationsandperformanceofmembersand
officialsoftheotherbranches,andinrareoccasions,tolaythe(3)_________
groundworkforimpeachmentproceedings.Frequently,committees
relyoutsideexpertstoassistinconductinginvestigativehearings(4)_____