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Unit4
Textcomprehension
I.BII.1.T;2.F;3.T;4.T;5.T.
III.
1.“snailmail”.
2.“anessentialsteppingstoneontheroadtosuccess”.
3.“theprofoundrelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturethatliesattheheartofsociety”.
4.“themeanstoshapeourviewsoftheworld”.
5.“tonegotiatetheboundariesbetweenlanguagesandtocompromiseintranslation”.
6.“touselinguisticskills,tothinkdifferently,toenterintoanotherculture’smentalityandtoshapelanguageaccordingly”.
IV.
1.withconvenientwaystoreachanypartoftheworld.
2.Itseemsthateveryoneisabletoalwaysgetintouchwithanyoneelseifheorshecanaffordto.
3.isthemostimportanttosociety.
4.afundamentalskillintoday’sworld,wheredifferentculturesinteract.
5.arefindingwaystointerrelatedifferentcultures.
Structuralanalysisofthetext
1.Thelastsentenceofthe3rdparagraph:
“Mostfundamentalistheprofoundrelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturethatliesattheheartofsocietyandonethatweoverlookatourperil.”
2.Paragraph4:
ThelackofanexactcounterpartoftheEnglishword“homesickness”inotherlanguagessuchasItalian,Portuguese,andGerman.
Paragraph5:
TheproblemofuntranslatabilitywhichtheearlyBibletranslatorsencountered.
Paragraph6:
EnglishandWelshspeakersmakeadjustmentsregardingthecolorspectruminthegrey/green/blue/brownrange;Theword“democracy”meanscompletelydifferentthingsindifferentcontexts;theflatbreadsofCentralAsiaarealongwayawayfromMother’sPridewhiteslicedtoasties,yettheword“bread”hastoserveforboth.
PartOne.VocabularyAnalysis
I.Phrasepractice
1.provided=aslongas假如,倘若
needneverbeoutoftouch=canneverfailtobereached从不会失去联系
2.regardlessof=nomatter不管,不顾
3.overlookatourperil=failtonoticeatgreatrisk忽视……的危险或风险
4.hoverssomewhereinandaroundallthosewords=maybedescribedbythesewordstovaryingdegrees
5.hittheproblemofuntranslatabilityhead-on=weredirectlyconfrontedwiththeproblemthatsomethinginonelanguagecannotberenderedintoanother
II.
1.steppingstone;2.attheirperil;3.serve;4.mentality;5.staple;6.facilitating;7.messaging;8.hybrid.
III.Wordderivation
Fillintheblankswiththeappropriateformsofthegivenwords.
1.Thecountryistryingtomovefromacentrallyplannedeconomy(economic)toonebasicallygearedtotheneedsofthemarket.
2.Therearenogoodroadsinthearea,somostoftheranchesareonlyaccessible(access)byjeeporotheroff-roadvehicles.
3.Thetwoapproachesaresofundamentally(fundamental)differentthatitissurprisingthattheyhavebothbeensuccessful.
4.Theyspentmuchtimecomfortingthehomesick(homesickness)childrenatthebeginningofthesummercamp.
5.Wearelookingforanexperiencedjournalisttojointhenewsteams.Thesalaryisnegotiable(negotiate).
6.Theamountofanyoftheseingredientscanbeadjusted(adjustment)accordingtoyourtaste.
7.Theremoteness(remote)ofthehousewastheonlythingthatmadethemhesitateaboutbuyingit.
8.Heparkedthecarandsmiledather,complacently(complacent)assuminghehadpassedthetest.
1.economica.经济学的;经济的;有利可图的
economicala.节俭的;经济的,合算的
economicsn.经济学
economistn.经济学家
economyn.节约;经济
2.accessn.通道,入口
accessiblea.可得到的;易接近的,可进入的
accessibilityn.可以得到;易接近
3.fundamentala.基本的,根本的;重要的
fundamentalismn.原教旨主义
fundamentalistn.信奉正统派基督教的人
fundamentallyad.从根本上;基本地
4.homesicka.想家的
homesicknessn.乡愁,思乡病
5.negotiatev.谈判,协商,交涉
negotiablea.可磋商的,可协商的
negotiationn.谈判,协商
negotiatorn.磋商者,交涉者
6.adjustv.调整,调节;使适应
adjustablea.可调整的
adjustmentn.调整
7.remotea.偏僻的,遥远的,远程的
remotenessn.远离,远隔,偏僻
8.complacenta.满足的,自满的,得意的
complacentlyad.满足地,自满地,沾沾自喜地
complacencyn.自满,沾沾自喜
IV.
1.D;2.C;3.A;4.D;5.B;6.A;7.B;8.C.
V.Synonym/Antonym
Giveasynonymoranantonymofthewordunderlinedineachsentenceinthesenseitisused.
1.Weliveinanageofeasyaccesstotherestoftheworld.
Synonym:
time,era,epoch
2.ConferencesandbusinessmeetingsaroundtheglobeareheldinEnglish,regardlessofwhetheranyonepresentisanativeEnglishspeaker.
Synonym:
meetings
3.Englishhassimplybecomethelanguagethatfacilitatescommunication,andformanypeoplelearningEnglishisanessentialsteppingstoneontheroadtosuccess.
Synonym:
basic,fundamental
4.Differentculturesarenotsimplygroupsofpeoplewholabeltheworlddifferently;languagesgiveusthemeanstoshapeourviewsoftheworldandlanguagesaredifferentfromoneanother.
Antonym:
misshape
5.Inevitably,thespreadofEnglishmeansthatmillionsofpeopleareaddinganotherlanguagetotheirownandarelearninghowtonegotiateculturalandlinguisticdifferences.
Synonym:
unavoidably
6.WhydoestheriseofEnglishasagloballanguagecausefeelingsofuneasinessforsomeofus?
Synonym:
worry,concern,anxiety
7.Butevenasmorepeoplebecomemultilingual,sonativeEnglishspeakersarelosingout,fortheyarebecomingevermoremonolingual,andhenceincreasinglyunawareofthedifferencesbetweenculturesthatlanguagesreveal.
Antonym:
hide,conceal
4Prefix
Writeineachspaceonewordthathasthesameprefixasunderlinedinthegivenword.
1.unreliableunbelievable
2.impatientimperfect
3.disapprovaldisagreement
4.mistakemisplace
5.maltreatmalfunction
6.enrichenable
7.surmountsurpass
8.subordinatesubmarine
1.Explanation:
un-:
notortheoppositeof
e.g.unable,unhappy,unknown
2.Explanation:
in-/il-/im-/ir-:
notortheoppositeof
e.g.impolite,infinite,illogical,irrelevance
3.Explanation:
dis-:
notortheoppositeof
e.g.dishonest,disadvantage,disappear
4.Explanation:
mis-:
badorwrong
e.g.misinterpret,misbehavior,mischance,misconceive
5.Explanation:
mal-:
badornotcorrect
e.g.malpractice,malodorous,malformation
6.Explanation:
en-/em-:
tocausetobe;toputintothethingorconditionmentioned
e.g.encase,empower,enlarge,embolden,enchant
7.Explanation:
sur-:
beyond
e.g.surcharge,surplus,surprise,surmise
8.Explanation:
sub-:
lessthan;underorbelow
e.g.subdivision,subconscious,subcontinent,subculture
PartTwo.GrammarExercises
1.thesimplepresentandthepresentprogressive
Simplepresentisusedforactivitiesthatarelong-lastinghabits.
Presentprogressiveisusedforactivitiesthatoccuratthemomentofspeakingactivities.
Thepresentcontinuouswithwordssuchas“always”or“constantly”expressestheideathatsomethingirritatingorshockingoftenhappens.
e.g.Sheisalwayscomingtoclasslate.
Heisconstantlytalking.Iwishhewouldshutup.
Speakersusethepresentcontinuoustoindicatethatsomethingwillorwillnothappeninthenearfuture.
e.g.Iamnotgoingtothepartytonight.
Ishevisitinghisparentsnextweekend?
I.Completethefollowingsentenceswiththecorrectverbforms.
1.She’sadietician—she__helps__(help)peopletochoosetherightfood.
2.hope;areenjoying;sunbathe;go;aregoing.
3.isbeing.
4.Theprofessor____istyping____(type)hisownletterswhilehissecretaryisill.
5.amnoteating.
6.I__amreading___(read)aninterestingbookatthemoment.I’lllendittoyouwhenI’vefinishedit.
7.arealwaysleaving.
8.go;belongs;wants;isusing.
9.isboiling.
10.isputting;isrewiring;isbuilding.
II.
1.ispassing=passes;isshooting=shoots.
2.OK.
3.arecrying.
4.OK.
5.amknowing=know.
6.amgathering=gather.
7.work=amworking.
8.do=are;sneeze=sneezing.
III.
thank;aredispatching;regret;have;arecontacting;hear;enclose/areenclosing;decide;have;arelisted;regret;hope;enclose/areenclosing.
IV.
1.a.Thespeakeriscomplaining;b.Thespeakergivesafact.
2.a.amconsidering;b.havetheopinion.
3.a.Itsuggestsapermanentnature;b.Itsuggestsatemporarybehaviour.
4.a.istakingcareof;b.havenoobjectionto.
5.a.amwaitingfor;b.believe.
6.a.amwaitingfor;b.believe.
2.Positionofadjectives
Unlikeadverbs,whichoftenseemcapableofpoppingupalmostanywhereinasentence,adjectivesnearlyalwaysappearimmediatelybeforethenounornounphrasethattheymodify.Sometimestheyappearinastringofadjectives,andwhentheydo,theyappearinasetorderaccordingtocategory.
Thecategoriesinthefollowingtablecanbedescribedasfollows:
A.Determiners—articlesandotherlimiters.
B.Observation—postdeterminersandlimiteradjectives(e.g.arealhero,aperfectidiot)andadjectivessubjecttosubjectivemeasure(e.g.beautiful,interesting)
C.SizeandShape—adjectivessubjecttoobjectivemeasure(e.g.wealthy,large,round)
D.Age—adjectivesdenotingage(e.g.young,old,new,ancient)
E.Color—adjectivesdenotingcolor(e.g.red,black,pale)
F.Origin—denominaladjectivesdenotingsourceofnoun(e.g.French,American,Canadian)
G.Material—denominaladjectivesdenotingwhatsomethingismadeof(e.g.woolen,metallic,wooden)
F.Qualifier—finallimiter,oftenregardedaspartofthenoun(e.g.rockingchair,huntingcabin,passengercar,bookcover)
Rewritethefollowingdescriptionsputtingtheadjectivesinthecorrectorder.
1.alargepairofredwoolensocks
2.awhitecarGermannewpowerful
apowerfulnewwhiteGermancar
3.asmallgreyrectangularJapaneseradio
4.aconcretemodernofficebuildingbig
abigmodernconcreteofficebuilding
5.amediumsizeFrenchstainlesssteelsaucepan
6.