实验1《常用网络命令使用》.docx
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实验1《常用网络命令使用》
五、实验步骤
1、记录本机的主机名,MAC地址,IP地址,DNS,网关等信息。
命令描述:
ipconfig–all
执行结果:
主机名............:
lenovo-73
主Dns后缀.......:
节点类型............:
Unknown
IP路由已启动.......:
No
WINS代理已启动........:
No
Ethernetadapter本地连接:
连接特定的DNS后缀......:
描述...........:
MarvellYukon88E8056PCI-EGigabitEthernetController
物理地址.........:
00-21-97-4E-92-64
DHCP已启用...........:
No
IP地址............:
192.168.215.73
子网掩码...........:
255.255.255.0
默认网关.........:
192.168.215.254
DNS服务器...........:
8.8.8.8
218.193.32.8
2、利用ping工具检测网络连通性
1)当一台计算机不能和网络中其他计算机进行通信时,可以按照如下步骤进行检测。
在DOS窗口下输入“ping127.0.0.1”命令,此命令用于检查本机的TCP/IP协议安装是否正确,注:
凡是以127开头的IP地址都代表本机。
命令描述:
ping127.0.0.1
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
Pinging127.0.0.1with32bytesofdata:
Replyfrom127.0.0.1:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom127.0.0.1:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom127.0.0.1:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom127.0.0.1:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Pingstatisticsfor127.0.0.1:
Packets:
Sent=4,Received=4,Lost=0(0%l
Approximateroundtriptimesinmilli-seconds:
Minimum=0ms,Maximum=0ms,Average=0ms
2)在DOS窗口下输入“ping本机IP地址”命令,此命令用于检查本机的服务和网络适配器的绑定是否正确。
注:
这里的服务一般是指“Microsoft网络客户端”和“Microsoft网络的文件和打印机共享”。
命令描述:
ping192.168.215.73
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
Pinging192.168.215.73with32bytesofdata:
Replyfrom192.168.215.73:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.73:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.73:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.73:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Pingstatisticsfor192.168.215.73:
Packets:
Sent=4,Received=4,Lost=0(0%loss),
Approximateroundtriptimesinmilli-seconds:
Minimum=0ms,Maximum=0ms,Average=0ms
3)接下来在DOS窗口下输入“ping网关IP地址”命令,此命令用来检查本机和网关的连接是否正常。
命令描述:
ping192.168.215.254
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
Pinging192.168.215.254with32bytesofdata:
Replyfrom192.168.215.254:
bytes=32time=1msTTL=255
Replyfrom192.168.215.254:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=255
Replyfrom192.168.215.254:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=255
Replyfrom192.168.215.254:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=255
Pingstatisticsfor192.168.215.254:
Packets:
Sent=4,Received=4,Lost=0(0%loss),
Approximateroundtriptimesinmilli-seconds:
Minimum=0ms,Maximum=1ms,Average=0ms
4)最后在DOS窗口下输入“ping远程主机IP地址”命令,此命令用来检查网关能否将数据包转发出去。
命令描述:
ping
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
Pinging[220.181.111.147]with32bytesofdata:
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=32time=46msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=32time=47msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=32time=46msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=32time=46msTTL=53
Pingstatisticsfor220.181.111.147:
Packets:
Sent=4,Received=4,Lost=0(0%loss),
Approximateroundtriptimesinmilli-seconds:
Minimum=46ms,Maximum=47ms,Average=46ms
5)利用ping命令还可以来检测其他的一些配置是否正确。
在DOS窗口下输入“ping主机名”命令,此命令用来检测DNS服务器能否进行主机名称解析。
命令描述:
pinglenovo-73
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
Pinginglenovo-73[192.168.215.73]with32bytesofdata:
Replyfrom192.168.215.73:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.73:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.73:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.73:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Pingstatisticsfor192.168.215.73:
Packets:
Sent=4,Received=4,Lost=0(0%loss),
Approximateroundtriptimesinmilli-seconds:
Minimum=0ms,Maximum=0ms,Average=0ms
6)在DOS窗口下输入“ping远程主机IP地址”命令,如果显示的信息为“Destinationhostunreachable”(目标主机不可达),说明这台计算机没有配置网关地址。
运行“ipconfig/all”命令进行查看,网关地址为空。
(若(4)可以,则不会出现此种情况)
7)在配置网关地址后再次运行同样命令,信息变为“Requesttimedout”(请求时间超时)。
此信息表示网关已经接到请求,只是找不到IP地址为远程主机的这台计算机。
命令描述:
ping192.168.1.108
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
Pinging192.168.1.108with32bytesofdata:
Requesttimedout.
Requesttimedout.
Requesttimedout.
Requesttimedout.
Pingstatisticsfor192.168.1.108:
Packets:
Sent=4,Received=0,Lost=4(100%loss),
Ping命令的其它用法
8)连续发送ping探测报文:
如ping-t210.41.109.52(这个地址需要根据具体的实验环境来搭配)
Ctrl+Break查看统计信息,Ctrl+C结束命令
命令描述:
ping-t
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
Pinging[220.181.111.147]with32bytesofdata:
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=32time=46msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=32time=46msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=32time=46msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=32time=47msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=32time=47msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=32time=47msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=32time=47msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=32time=47msTTL=53
Pingstatisticsfor220.181.111.147:
Packets:
Sent=8,Received=8,Lost=0(0%loss),
Approximateroundtriptimesinmilli-seconds:
Minimum=46ms,Maximum=47ms,Average=46ms
Control-C
^C
9)自选数据长度的ping探测报文:
ping目的主机IP地址-lsize
命令描述:
ping-l1450
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
Pinging[220.181.111.147]with1450bytesofdata:
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=1450time=47msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=1450time=47msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=1450time=48msTTL=53
Replyfrom220.181.111.147:
bytes=1450time=47msTTL=53
Pingstatisticsfor220.181.111.147:
Packets:
Sent=4,Received=4,Lost=0(0%loss),
Approximateroundtriptimesinmilli-seconds:
Minimum=47ms,Maximum=48ms,Average=47ms
10)不允许对ping探测报分片:
ping目的主机IP地址-f
命令描述:
ping-f-l2000192.168.215.73
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
Pinging192.168.215.73with2000bytesofdata:
PacketneedstobefragmentedbutDFset.
PacketneedstobefragmentedbutDFset.
PacketneedstobefragmentedbutDFset.
PacketneedstobefragmentedbutDFset.
Pingstatisticsfor192.168.215.73:
Packets:
Sent=4,Received=0,Lost=4(100%loss),
11)修改“ping”命令的请求超时时间:
ping目的主机IP地址-wtime
指定等待每个回送应答的超时时间,单位为毫秒,默认值为1000毫秒
命令描述:
ping-w6000192.168.215.73
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
Pinging192.168.215.73with32bytesofdata:
Replyfrom192.168.215.73:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.73:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.73:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.73:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Pingstatisticsfor192.168.215.73:
Packets:
Sent=4,Received=4,Lost=0(0%loss),
Approximateroundtriptimesinmilli-seconds:
Minimum=0ms,Maximum=0ms,Average=0ms
3、利用Arp工具检验MAC地址解析
1)输入“arp–a”命令,可以查看本机的arp缓存内容
命令描述:
arp-a192.168.215.73
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
NoARPEntriesFound
2)如本机的ARP表是空的,则ping本组相邻机的IP地址(要能PING通),再查看本机的arp缓存内容,此时是否还是空的?
利用“ping”命令将一个站点的IP地址与MAC地址的映射关系加入ARP表
命令描述:
ping192.168.215.105
执行结果:
Pinging192.168.215.105with32bytesofdata:
Replyfrom192.168.215.105:
bytes=32time=1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.105:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.105:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.105:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Pingstatisticsfor192.168.215.105:
Packets:
Sent=4,Received=4,Lost=0(0%loss),
Approximateroundtriptimesinmilli-seconds:
Minimum=0ms,Maximum=1ms,Average=0ms
C:
\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator>arp-a
Interface:
192.168.215.73---0x10003
InternetAddressPhysicalAddressType
192.168.215.10500-21-97-4e-95-c5dynamic
3)将相邻机在本机ARP表中的表项删除。
arp-dip地址(删除由ip地址指定的项)
利用“arp-d”命令删除ARP表项
4)命令描述:
查看站点的IP地址与MAC地址的映射关系,加入ARP表。
arp-dip地址(删除由ip地址指定的项),使用将相邻机在本机ARP表中的表项删除。
能够人工删除一个项目。
_输入“arp–a”命令,可以查看本机的arp缓存内容
_________________________________________
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
C:
\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator>arp-a
Interface:
192.168.215.73---0x10003
InternetAddressPhysicalAddressType
192.168.215.4500-21-97-48-4e-afdynamic
C:
\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator>arp-d192.168.215.105
C:
\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator>arp-a
Interface:
192.168.215.73---0x10003
InternetAddressPhysicalAddressType
192.168.215.4500-21-97-48-4e-afdynamic
C:
\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator>arp-d*
C:
\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator>arp-a
NoARPEntriesFound
5)给相邻机的IP添加一个静止的错误的MAC地址对应项,再PING相邻机,此时是否能PING通?
arp-sip地址MAC地址
在ARP缓存中添加项,将IP地址和物理地址关联。
例:
arp-s192.168.0.10000-d0-09-f0-33-71添加ip为192.168.0.100与其对应的MAC为00-d0-09-f0-33-71的表项
命令描述:
arp-s192.168.215.10500-21-97-4e-95-c5
_____________________________________________
执行结果:
_______________________________________________________
C:
\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator>arp-a
Interface:
192.168.215.73---0x10003
InternetAddressPhysicalAddressType
192.168.215.10500-21-97-4e-95-c5dynamic
C:
\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator>arp-s192.168.215.10500-21-97-4e-95-c
5
C:
\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator>arp-a
Interface:
192.168.215.73---0x10003
InternetAddressPhysicalAddressType
192.168.215.10500-21-97-4e-95-c5static
C:
\DocumentsandSettings\Administrator>ping192.168.215.105
Pinging192.168.215.105with32bytesofdata:
Replyfrom192.168.215.105:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.105:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.105:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Replyfrom192.168.215.105:
bytes=32time<1msTTL=128
Pingstatisticsfor192.168.215.105:
Packets