硕士研究生考研英语一真题解析.docx
《硕士研究生考研英语一真题解析.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《硕士研究生考研英语一真题解析.docx(17页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![硕士研究生考研英语一真题解析.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2023-1/29/0de331aa-fcd3-4e8f-9da1-1fe117b6a8ba/0de331aa-fcd3-4e8f-9da1-1fe117b6a8ba1.gif)
硕士研究生考研英语一真题解析
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语一真题及解析
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It1inyoung
adulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen2startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But
3agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.
Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociated
withadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelpprevent
or6thistypeofdecline.
Theresearcherslookedatdatathat7measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrom
morethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand8thatdatatoreportedchangesin
fluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople9higher
measuresofabdominalfat10worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears11.
Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcess
abdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13.Itishopedthatfuturestudies
could14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15formenandwomen.
16therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmuscle
massasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental18.Thetwohighly
recommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19ofaerobicexercise
andfollowingMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessed
foods.
1.A.pauses
B.return
C.peaks
D.fades
2.A.alternatively
B.formally
C.accidentally
D.generally
3.A.while
B.since
C.once
D.until
4.A.detection
B.accumulation
C.consumption
D.separation
5.A.possibility
B.decision
C.goal
D.requirement
6.A.delay
B.ensure
C.seek
D.utilize
7.A.modify
B.supported
C.included
D.predicted
8.A.devoted
B.compared
C.converted
D.applied
9.A.with
B.above
C.by
D.against
10.A.lived
B.managed
C.scored
D.played
11.A.ranout
B.setoff
C.drewin
D.wentby
12.A.superior
B.attributable
C.parallel
D.resistant
13.A.restored
B.isolated
C.involved
D.controlled
14.A.alter
B.spread
C.remove
D.explain
15.A.compensations
B.symptoms
C.demands
D.treatments
16.A.Likewise
B.Meanwhile
C.Therefore
D.Instead
17.A.change
B.watch
C.count
D.take
18.A.well-being
B.process
C.formation
D.coordination
19.A.level
B.love
C.knowledge
D.space
20.A.design
B.routine
C.diet
D.prescription
参考答案:
1-5:
CDABA
6-10:
ACBAC
11-15:
DBCDD
16-20:
BDAAC
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartADirections:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?
Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:
everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear’srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.
Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?
Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.
However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsonthe
unions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.
TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain’srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.
21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear’sincreaseinrailpassengersfares
A.willeasetrainoperation’sburden.
B.haskeptpacewithinflation.
C.isabigsurprisetocommuters.
D.remainson.
22.Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandfor
A.cardrivers
B.railtravellers
C.localinvestors
D.ordinarytaxpayers
23.Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperators
A.areofferingcompensationstocommuters.
B.aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.
C.havefailedtoprovideanadequatesource.
D.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.
24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface
A.thelossofinvestment.
B.thecollapseofoperations.
C.areductionofrevenue.
D.achangeofownership.
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?
B.ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork
C.CanNationalizationBringHope?
D.Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable
Text2
LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofthatIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry’santipovertyprogram.
In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They’realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.
ButCCTprogramsdon’tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.
That’sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon’tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.
Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia’spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.
Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia’sphase—inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,“weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Ferrarosays.
That’slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.
Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody’sguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat’sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.
26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto
A.facilitatehealthcarereform.
B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.
C.improvelocaleducationsystems.
D.lowerdeforestationrates.
27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat
A.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor.
B.CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.
C.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.
D.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.
28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout
A.itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.
B.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.
C.therel