硕士研究生考研英语一真题解析.docx

硕士研究生考研英语一真题解析.docx

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硕士研究生考研英语一真题解析

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语一真题及解析

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It1inyoung

adulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen2startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But

3agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.

Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociated

withadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelpprevent

or6thistypeofdecline.

Theresearcherslookedatdatathat7measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrom

morethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand8thatdatatoreportedchangesin

fluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople9higher

measuresofabdominalfat10worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears11.

Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcess

abdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13.Itishopedthatfuturestudies

could14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15formenandwomen.

16therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmuscle

massasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental18.Thetwohighly

recommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19ofaerobicexercise

andfollowingMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessed

foods.

1.A.pauses

B.return

C.peaks

D.fades

2.A.alternatively

B.formally

C.accidentally

D.generally

3.A.while

B.since

C.once

D.until

4.A.detection

B.accumulation

C.consumption

D.separation

5.A.possibility

B.decision

C.goal

D.requirement

6.A.delay

B.ensure

C.seek

D.utilize

7.A.modify

B.supported

C.included

D.predicted

8.A.devoted

B.compared

C.converted

D.applied

9.A.with

B.above

C.by

D.against

10.A.lived

B.managed

C.scored

D.played

11.A.ranout

B.setoff

C.drewin

D.wentby

12.A.superior

B.attributable

C.parallel

D.resistant

13.A.restored

B.isolated

C.involved

D.controlled

14.A.alter

B.spread

C.remove

D.explain

15.A.compensations

B.symptoms

C.demands

D.treatments

16.A.Likewise

B.Meanwhile

C.Therefore

D.Instead

17.A.change

B.watch

C.count

D.take

18.A.well-being

B.process

C.formation

D.coordination

19.A.level

B.love

C.knowledge

D.space

20.A.design

B.routine

C.diet

D.prescription

参考答案：

1-5：

CDABA

6-10：

ACBAC

11-15：

DBCDD

16-20：

BDAAC

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

Text1

Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?

Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:

everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear’srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex（CPI）measureofinflation.

Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?

Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.

However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsonthe

unions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.

TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain’srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.

21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear’sincreaseinrailpassengersfares

A.willeasetrainoperation’sburden.

B.haskeptpacewithinflation.

C.isabigsurprisetocommuters.

D.remainson.

22.Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandfor

A.cardrivers

B.railtravellers

C.localinvestors

D.ordinarytaxpayers

23.Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperators

A.areofferingcompensationstocommuters.

B.aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.

C.havefailedtoprovideanadequatesource.

D.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.

24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface

A.thelossofinvestment.

B.thecollapseofoperations.

C.areductionofrevenue.

D.achangeofownership.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

B.ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork

C.CanNationalizationBringHope?

D.Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable

Text2

LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofthatIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry’santipovertyprogram.

In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They’realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.

ButCCTprogramsdon’tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.

That’sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon’tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.

Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia’spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.

Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia’sphase—inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,“weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Ferrarosays.

That’slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.

Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody’sguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat’sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.

26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto

A.facilitatehealthcarereform.

B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.

C.improvelocaleducationsystems.

D.lowerdeforestationrates.

27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat

A.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor.

B.CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.

C.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.

D.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.

28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout

A.itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.

B.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.

C.therel