国际市场营销教材课后名词解释.docx
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国际市场营销教材课后名词解释
国际市场营销教材课后名词解释
EditedbyPengkai
Defination
Definethefollowingterms:
internationalmarketingP9
Internationalmarketingistheperformanceofbusinessactivitiesdesignedto
plan,price,promote,anddirecttheflowofacompany'sgoodsandserviceto
Consumerorusersinmorethanonenationforaprofit.
controllable/uncontrollableelementsP10
Theelementsofbusinessenvironmentwhichunder/beyondthethecontrolof
companies.
domestic/foreignuncontrollablesP11
Aspectsofthedomestic/foreignenvironmentthatarebeyondthecontrolof
companies
SRCSelf-ReferenceCriterionP14
Anunconsciousreferencetoone'sownculturalvalues,experiences,andknowledge
asabasisfordecision.
EthnocentrismP14
Thenotionthatpeopleinone’sowncompany,culture,orcountryknowsbesthow
todothings.
GlobalAwarenessP16
Toleranceofculturaldifferenceandknowledgeofcultures,history,worldmarket
potential,andglobaleconomic,social,andpoliticaltrends.
Define
GATTP27
GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade:
(1)tradeshallbeconductedona
non-discriminatoryBasis;
(2)protectionshallbeaffordeddomesticindustries
throughcustomstariffs,notthroughsuchcommercialmeasuresasimportquotas;
(3)consultationshallbetheprimarymethodusedtosolveglobaltradeproblems.
WTOP28
WorldTradeOrganization
IMFP30
InternationalMonetaryFund:
Stabilizeforeignexchangerates,facilitatethe
expansionandbalancegrowthofinternationaltrade.
EMUP36
EconomicandMonetaryUnion:
AprovisionoftheMaastrichtTreaty,established
theparametersofthecreationofacommoncurrencyfortheEU,theeuro,and
establishedatimetableforitsimplemention.
NAFTAP39
NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement:
Marketaccess,Nontariffbarriers,Rulesof
property,Governmentproperty,Governmentprocurement,Standards.
ASEAN+3P42
AssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsplusChina,Japan,andSouthKorea:
To
dealwithtradeandmonetaryissuesfacingAsia.
APECP42
Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation:
isaforum,farfrombeingafreetrade
regionalgrowthanddevelopment,tostrengthenthemultilateraltradingsystemand
toreducebarrierstoinvestmentandtradewithoutdetrimenttoothereconomics.
BEMsP49
bigemergingmarkets:
Asmallcoreofcountriesthataccountformorethanhalfof
theworldtradegrowthoverthenexttwodecades,thesecountryareidentifiedas
BEMs.SeetheirimportanttraitsatPage49,50.
BOPMsP48
Bottom-of-the-pyramidmarket:
Anewconceptintroducedintothediscussionof
developingcountriesandmarkets.Theyarenotdefinedbynationalbordersbut
ratherbythepocketsofpovertyacrosscountries.
Definethefollowingterms:
ManifestDestinyP62
BasisofU.S.Foreignpolicy:
AmericanswereachosenpeopleordainedbyGodto
createamodelsociety.Moresuperficially,itreferredtotheterritorialexpansionof
theU.S.fromtheAtlantictothePacific.
MonroeDoctrineP62
AcornerstoneofearlyU.S.Foreignpolicy,proclaimingthreebasicdicta:
nofurther
EuropeancolonizationintheNewworld,abstentionoftheUniteStatesfrom
Europeanpoliticalaffairs,andnoninterventionofEuropeangovernmentsinthe
governmentsoftheWesternHemisphere.
RooseveltCorollaryP62
MonroeDoctrinewithanextensionappliedbyRoosevelt:
NotonlywouldtheU.S.
Prohibitnon-AmericaninterventioninLatinAmericanaffairs,butitwouldalso
policetheareaandguaranteethatLatinAmericannationsmettheirinternational
obligations.
SustainabledevelopmentP68
Ajoinedapproachamongthose(governments),businesses,environmentalists,and
theothers)whoseekeconomicgrowthwith"wiseresourcemanagement,equitable
distributionofbenefitsandreductionofnegativeeffortsonpeopleandthe
environmentsfromtheprocessofeconomicgrows"
Definethefollowingterms
cultureP82
Cultureisthehuman-madepartofhumanenvironment----thesumtotalof
knowledge,beliefs,art,morals,laws,customs,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabits
acquiredbyhumansasmembersofsociety.orP85isthesumofthevalues,
rituals,symbols,beliefs,andthoughtprocessesthatarelearnedandsharedbya
groupofpeople,thentransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.
culturevalueP92
Aculture'svaluesareitsideasaboutwhatisgood,right,fair,andjust.SeeP91—P92howculturevaluesinflunencevarioustypesofbusinessandmarketbehaviorcomesfromseminalworkbyGeertHofstede.
culturesensitivityP98
Beingattunedtothenuancesofculturesothatanewculturecanbeviewedobjectively,evaluated,andappreciated.
linguisticdistanceP95
Anewconceptmeasuringtherelationshipbetweenlanguagediffenceand
transactioncost.
socialinsititutionsP88
socialinstitutionsincludingfamily,religion,school,themedia,governments,and
corporationsalleffecthewaysinwhichpeoplerelatetooneanother,organizetheir
activitiestoliveinharmonywithoneanother,teacheacceptablebehaviourto
succeedinggenerations,andgovernthemselves.
culturalborrowingP99
culturalborrowingisaresponsibleefforttolearnfromothers’culturalwaysinthe
questforbettersolutionstoasociety’sparticularproblems.
factualknowledgeP98
Astraightfowardfactaboutaculturebutassumesadditionalsignificancewhen
interpretedwithinthecontextoftheculture.
InterpretiveknowledgeP98
Thekindofknowledgemostdependentonpastexperienceforinterpretationand
mostfrequentlypronetomisintrepretetaionifone’shomecountryframeof
reference(SRC)isused.
aestheticsP95
Arts,folklore,music,drama,dance,dressandcosmeticsinaculture.
strategyofunplanned/plannedculturalchangeP102
strategyofculturalcongruennceP102
Thissrtategyinvolcesmarkettingproductssimilartonoesalreadyonthemarketinamannerascongruentaspossiblewithexistingculturalnorms,therebyminimizingresisitance.
Definethefollwingterms
culturalimperativesP108
Culturalimperativesarethebusinesscustomsandexpectationsthatmustbemet
andconformedtooravoidifrelationshiparetobesuccessful.
culturalelectivesP109
culturalelectivesrelatestoareasofbehaviourortocustomsthatculturalaliensmay
wishtoconformtoorparticipateinbutthatarenotrequired.
culturalexclusivesP109
Culturalexclusivesarethosecustomsorbehaviourpatternsreservedexclusively
forthelocalsandfromwhichtheforeignerisbarred.
FCPAP129
ForeignCorruptPracticesAct
P-time/M-timeP119
P-time,orpolychronictime,ischaracterizedbythesimultaneousoccurrenceof
manythingsandby"agreatinvolvementwithpeople."
M-time,ormonochronictime,isusedonthosewesternculturestendtoconcentrate
ononethingatatime.
subornationP129
Subornationinvolvesgivinglargesumofmoney--frequentlynotproperly
accountedfor--designedtoenticeanofficialtocommitanillegalactonbehalfof
theoneofferingthebribe.
theprinciplesofUtilitarianethicsP131
Doestheactionoptimizethe"commongood"orbenefitsofallconstituencies?
And
whoarethepertinentconstituencies.?
theprinciplesofJusticeorfairnessP131
Doestheactionrespectthecanonsofjusticeorfairnesstoallpartiesinvolved?
silentlanguage
Definingthefollowingterms
sovereigntyP138
Asovereigntystateisindependentandfreefromallexternalcontrol;enjoysfull
legalequalitywithotherstates;governsitsownterritory;selectitsownpolitical,
economic,andsocialsystems;andhasthepowertoenterintoagreementswith
othernations
NationalismP142
Nationalismcanbebestdescribedasanintensefeelingofnationalprideandunity,
anawakeningofanation'speopletoprideintheircountry.
Confiscation,Expropriation,DomesticationP144
Confiscation:
theseizingofacompany'sassetswithoutpayment
Expropriation:
thegovernmentseizesaninvestmentbutmakessome
reimbursementfortheassets.
Domestication:
hostcountriesgraduallycausethetransferofforeigninvestmentsto
nationalcontrolandownershipthroughaseriesofgovernmentdecreesthat
mandatelocalownershipandgreaternationalinvolvementinacompany's
management.
PSAs,NGOsP147
Politicalandsocialactivists(PSAs)canrangefromthosewhoseektobringabout
peacefulchangetothosewhoresorttoviolenceandterrorismtoeffectchange.
Nongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs)
Definethefollowingterms:
Common/code/IslamiclawP159
Commonlaw,derivedfromEnglishlawandfoundinEngland,theUnitedStates,
Canada,andothercountriesonceunderEnglishinfluence;
Codelaw,derivedfromRomanlawandfoundinGermany,Japan,France,and
non-Islamicandnon-Marxistcountries.
Islamiclaw,derivedfromtheinterpretationoftheKoranandfoundinPakistan,
Iran,SaudiArabia,andotherIslamicstates.
Marxist-socialisttenetsP162
PrioruseversusregistrationP169
Ownershipisestablishedbyprioruseinacommon-lawcountry,butitis
establishedbyregistration.
ConciliationP163
Conciliation(alsoknowsasmediation)isanonbindingagreementbetweenparties
toresolvedisputesbyaskingathirdpartytomediatedifferences.
ArbitrationP164
Theusualarbitrationprocedureisforthepartiesinvolvedtoselectadisinterested
andinformedpartyorpartiesasrefereestodeterminethemeritsofthecaseand
makeajudgementthatbothpartiesagreetohonor.
LitigationP166
Lawsuitsinpubliccourts.
Cybersquatters(CSQs)P174
Cybersquattersbuyandregisterdescriptivenouns,geographicnames,namesof
ethnicgrou