能动专业英语Part 1 Energy.docx

能动专业英语Part 1 Energy.docx

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能动专业英语Part1Energy

PartOneEnergyIntroduction

UnitOneEnergyinChina

1.Presentsituation

Chinaistheworld'smostpopulouscountryandhasarapidlygrowingeconomy.Thecountryhasregisteredaveragegrowthof10percentsince2000.Alongsidestrongeconomicgrowth,Chinahasexperiencedenormousgrowthinitsenergymarketsoverthelasttwodecades.Accordingtoofficialstatistic,in2008,thetotalprimaryenergyproductiongotto2.6billiontonsofstandardcoal,coveringabout14%oftheglobalvolumeandrankingthe2ndintheworld,whichincludes2.793billiontonsofrawcoal,190milliontonsofcrudeoil,76.8billioncubicmetersofnaturalgas.

Coal is the most important fuel forChina’senergysecurity,economicprosperity,andfuturedevelopment.Itoccupies about69%oftotalprimaryenergyconsumptioninChina.Chinaisboththelargestconsumerandproducerofcoalintheworld.Chinaholdsanestimated126.2billionshorttonsofrecoverablecoalreserves,thethird-largestintheworldbehindtheUnitedStatesandRussia.CoalconsumptionhasbeenontheriseinChinaoverthelastfewyears.Since2001,China’scoalconsumptionhasincreasedatanannualizedrateofabout11.8%peryear,reachingahighpointof19%growthin2003.Chinaused2.793billiontonsofrawcoalin2008,representingaincreaseof3.0%overthelastyear.Andstronggrowthincoaldemandisexpectedtocontinue.Someofficialsintheindustryprojectcoaldemandtosurpass3billiontonesby2010.ThebiggestdriversofsuchdemandareChina’sdouble-digitgrowthinelectricityproductionandindustrialoutput（bothheavilyreliantoncoal）.Electricityandindustryarethemajorcoalconsumingsectors,makingup50%and43%respectivelyofcoaldemandin2006.Figure1.1showstheannualenergydemandgrowthbyfuelinChina.

Figure1.1Chinaannualenergydemandgrowthbyfuel

Oilisthesecond-largestsource,accountingfor21%ofthecountry’stotalenergyconsumption.Chinaconsumedanestimated7.5millionbarrelsperday（bbl/d）ofoilin2007,makingitthesecond-largestoilconsumerintheworldbehindtheUnitedStates.Duringthatsameyear,Chinaproducedanestimated3.9millionbbl/doftotaloilliquids,ofwhich96%wascrudeoil.Chinahasemergedfrombeinganetoilexporterintheearly1990stobecometheworld’sthird-largestnetimporterofoilin2006.Chinahadnetoilimportsof3.7millionbbl/din2007,makingitthethird-largestnetoilimporterintheworldbehindtheUnitedStatesandJapan.EIA（EnergyInformationAdministration）forecaststhatChina’soilconsumptionwillcontinuetogrowduring2008and2009,withoildemandreaching8.4millionbbl/din2009.Thisanticipatedgrowthofover800,000bbl/drepresents32percentofprojectedworldoildemandgrowthfortheperiod.Bycontrast,China’soilproductionisforecasttoremainrelativelyflatat4millionbbl/din2009.AccordingtoOGJ（Oil&GasJournal）,Chinahad16billionbarrelsofprovenoilreservesasofJanuary2008,downfrom18.3billionbarrelsin2006.

NaturalgasusageinChinahasalsoincreasedrapidlyinrecentyears,andChinahaslookedtoincreasenaturalgasimportsviapipelineandasliquefiednaturalgas（LNG）.AccordingtoOGJ,Chinahad80trillioncubicfeet（Tcf）ofprovennaturalgasreservesasofJanuary2008,upfrom53.3Tcfin2006.Whileprovenreserveshaveincreased,China’sproductionandconsumptionofnaturalgashasalsoincreased.In2007,Chinaproduced2,446billioncubicfeet（Bcf）ofnaturalgaswhilethecountryconsumed2,490Bcf,andforthefirsttimeinalmost2decades,thecountrybecameanetnaturalgasimporter.LNGimportsfor2007werenearly140Bcf.Whilenaturalgasproductionisincreasing,someindependentanalystsexpectthatdemandgrowthwilloutpaceincreasesindomesticproduction.TheChinesegovernmentistargetingnaturalgasconsumptionof3,500Bcfby2010,morethandouble2005levels.Tomeetthisanticipatedshortfall,Chinaisexpectedtocontinueimportingnaturalgasinthefuture.ChinaimporteditsfirstshipmentofLNGinsummer2006,andthecountryisalsoconsideringanumberofpotentialimportpipelinesfromneighboringcountries

2.Energypolicyandnewenergy

Accordingtothesituationofenergyresourcesanditsdevelopmenttrend,thetenthandeleventhfive-yearPlanshavemadeoroperatedaseriesofenergypolicies,thetargetisreducingannualenergyintensityandensuringthestate’senergysecurity.Thedetailpoliciescanbeoutlinedasfollows:

1）Enhancingtheworkintensityofenergysavingandimprovingefficiencyofenergyusing

Throughthe2006eleventhfive-yearguidelines,thecentralgovernmenttargetedadecreaseinenergyintensityby20%by2010fromthe2005level,reflectinganannualenergyintensityreductionofabout4%In2004,thecentralgovernmentpublishedtheChinamedium-termandlong-termenergyconservationplantoemphasizetheprinciplesandobjectivesofenergyconservation,toprovidetargetsforenergyconsumptionreductionandefficiencyimprovementofmajorproductsandenergyconsumingequipment,andtounderlinekeyenergyconservationandprojectswithimplementationmeasures.Inaddition,anumberofsignificantsupportingorimplementingpolicieshavefollowedtheguidelinesissuance,suchasthe2006Top-1000enterpriseprogramorthe2008revisionsofenergyconservationlaw.

Generally,suchenergyintensityreductionscanbeachievedintwoways:

（1）Byadjustingtheeconomicstructuresoastoencouragehighvalue-addedindustrialaswellasservicesandcommercialsectordevelopment;

（2）Byimprovingefficiencythroughtechnologyinenergytransformationandend-usersectorsorbyimplementingotherenergy-efficiencyimprovingmanagementanddesign.Thissectionfocusesonthepolicies,targets,andprogramsimplementedtoachieveefficiencyimprovementinthosesectorswithhighpotential,includingenergy-intensiveindustries,residentialandcommercialsectors,andpowergeneration.

2）Regulatingtheenergyproductionmarket,toimprovetheefficiencyofenergyproduction

China’scoalindustryhastraditionallybeenspreadoutamonglargestate-ownedcoalmines,localstate-ownedcoalmines,andthousandsoftownandvillagecoalmines.InFebruary2006,theNDRCrevealedaplantorestructureChina’scoalsectorandreducethefragmentationintheindustry,withthegoalofestablishingfivetosixgiantconglomeratesinChina’smaincoal-producingprovincesandclosingdownallsmallcoalminesby2015.UndertheNDRC’sdirectives,theChinesegovernmentwouldlooktoaggregatethecoalindustryintolargestate-ownedholdingcompaniesandseektoraisecapitalthroughinternationalstockofferings,muchlikethecreationofCNPC（ChinaNationalPetroleumCorporation）andSinopec.Themodelforthisvisionisthestate-ownedShenhuaGroup,whichisChina’slargestcoalcompanybyproductionandtheparentcompanyofHongKong-listedShenhuaEnergyCorporation.

Anumberoffactorsaredrivingthistrend.Chinahastensofthousandsofsmalllocalcoalmineswhereinefficientmanagement,insufficientinvestment,outdatedequipment,andpoorsafetyrecordspreventthefullutilizationofcoalresources.Thegoalofconsolidatingtheindustryistoraisetotalcoaloutput,attractgreaterinvestmentandnewcoaltechnologies,andimprovethesafetyandenvironmentalrecordofcoalmines.Accordingtooneindustryreport,attheendof2005Chinahad28,000coalmines,ofwhich2,000werestate-owned.IndependentanalystsestimatethatoverthepastseveralyearsChinahascloseddownbetween20,000and50,000smallcoalmines.

3）Establishinggreatstrategicoilandnaturalgasreservestoinsurethecountry’senergysecurity.

InChina’s10thfive-yearPlan（2000-2005）,launchedin2001,Chineseofficialsdecidedtoestablishagovernment-administeredstrategicoilreserveprogramtohelpshieldChinafrompotentialoilsupplydisruptions.Thissystemwillbebuiltinthreestages.In2004,Chinastartedconstructionatfoursitesthatwouldcomprisethefirstphaseofthecountry’snascentstrategicoilreserveprogram.Phase1willhavetotalstoragecapacityof102millionbarrelsatfoursites,andisexpectedtobecompletedbyyear-end2008.Phase1storagecapacitywillamounttoapproximately30daysofnetoilimportsbasedoncurrentestimatesofChineseoildemand.Phase1sitesinclude:

ZhenhaiinZhejiangProvince（plannedcapacity32millionbarrels）;Aoshan,alsoinZhejiangProvince（25millionbarrels）;HuangdaoinShandongProvince（25millionbarrels）;andDalianinLiaoningProvince（20millionbarrels）.Thereafter,Phase2isexpectedtoincreasecapacitytoabout300millionbarrelsby2010.Ultimately,Phase3isexpectedtobringtotalstrategicoilreservecapacityinChinatoabout500millionbarrels,althoughthereisnotimetablesetforthisplan.Thegovernmentofficialshavekeptanticipatedfillratesforthecountry’sstrategicoilreservesystemunderwraps.ManyindustryanalystsestimatethatChinawillbuildstrategicoilstockpilesatarateof100,000bbl/dormoreforyearstocome.

4）Strengtheninginternationalconnectionstoenhancethecountry’senergysecurity

InternationalconnectionswithsuchexportersasRussia,Europe,theMiddleEastcountries,AfricacountriesandotherAPECeconomiesareencouraged.

Table1.1showstheregionalconcentrationofChina’scrudeoilimportsfrom1998to2002.ItcanbeseenthattheHerfindahlscoreisdecreasinggradually.ThismeansthattheregionalconcentrationofChina’scrudeoilimportshasundergoingadownwardtrendoverthelastseveralyears.AndthisimpliesthatChina’soilsecurityhasbeenimprovedtosomedegree.Themainreasonfo