英语系本科论文样例.docx

英语系本科论文样例.docx

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英语系本科论文样例

分类号　　　　　　　　　密级　　　　　　

UDC编号

华中师范大学

本科毕业论文（设计）

题目英汉语言中的男性性别歧视

院（系）外国语学院

专业英语

年级2001级

学生姓名杨展云

学号20011075

指导教师舒白梅

二OO五年四月

Anti-MaleBiasinEnglishandChinese

AthesissubmittedtotheSchoolofForeignLanguages,CCNU

InpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforBAdegree

InEnglishLanguageandLiterature

byYangZhanyun

Supervisor:

ShuBaimei

AcademicTitle:

Professor

Signature:

April2005

Contents

AbstractinChinese……………………………………………………………

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AbstractinEnglish…………………………………………………………….

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1.Introduction………………………………………………………………….

2.LiteratureReview………….……….…………………………….....….……

2.1Studiesoflinguisticsexism….…………………………………................

2.2Misconceptionoflinguisticsexismanddifferentapproaches…………….

3.Gender-ExclusiveLanguage……………………………………..................

3.1Gender-exclusivelanguageinEnglish……………………………...........

3.2Gender-exclusivelanguageinChinese……………………………..........

4.Gender-RestrictiveLanguage……………………………………………...

4.1Gender-restrictivelanguageinEnglish.………………………………….

4.2Gender-restrictivelanguageinChinese……………………………..........

5.MasculinizationofEvil…………………………………………...................

5.1MasculinizationofevilinEnglish…………………………………..........

5.1.1Crime………………………………………………………………...

5.1.2Crueltyandviolence…………………………………………............

5.1.3Libertine……………………………………………………………...

5.2MasculinizationofevilinChinese……………………………………….

5.2.1Crime…………………………………………………………............

5.2.2Crueltyandviolence.………………………………………………...

5.2.3Libertine……………………………………………………………...

6.Conclusion………………………………………………………..…………..

Bibliography………………………………………………………...………….

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内容摘要

自20世纪60年代起，语言性别歧视研究随着女性解放运动的展开而得到蓬勃发展。

一般而言，语言性别歧视研究有四种不同的学术观点，它们分别是：

女性主义的观点，约定俗成的观点，男性研究的观点，以及社会语言学的观点。

其中，男性研究的观点是20世纪80年代末出现的一种全新的理论。

以往国内外的语言学家大多从女性的角度出发研究语言性别歧视问题，极少有人从男性的角度出发对此进行探讨。

本文先总结了语言性别歧视研究的发展阶段，并介绍了几种不同的学术观点。

之后，文章试图采用男性研究的观点，从排除异性语言，性别有定语言和罪孽联想男性化三个方面比较中英文中针对男性的语言性别歧视现象的共同点，旨在通过列举大量实例证明男性同女性一样可能成为语言性别歧视的牺牲品，引起人们对针对男性的语言性别歧视现象的关注。

关键词：

语言性别歧视;男性偏见;共同点;中文;英文

Abstract

Fromthe1960s,thestudyoflinguisticsexismhasbeendevelopedvigorouslyasthewomen’sliberationmovementspreadout.Generally,therearefourapproachestothestudyoflinguisticsexism:

thefeministapproach,theconventionalapproach,theapproachfrommen’sstudy,andthesociolinguisticapproach.Theapproachfrommen’sstudyisacompletelynewtheorywhichappearedattheendofthe1980s.Inthepast,linguistshomeandabroadusuallystudytheproblemoflinguisticsexismfromthefeminineperspectiveandfewfromthemasculineperspective.Thispaperfirstofallsummarizesthedevelopmentstagesoflinguisticsexismstudy,followedbyanintroductionofseveraldifferentapproaches.Later,thearticleemploystheapproachofmen’sstudy,attemptingtocomparethesimilaritiesofanti-malebiasusageinEnglishandinChinesefromthreeaspects,whicharegender-exclusivelanguage,gender-restrictivelanguage,andmasculinizationofevil.Withabundantexamples,thepaperaimsatprovingthatthemale,likethefemale,canbepreysoflinguisticsexism,arousingpeople’sattentiontoanti-malebiasinlanguage.

Keywords:

linguisticsexism;anti-malebias;similarity;English;Chinese

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1.Introduction

Fordecades,linguistshavebeenstudyingtheproblemoflinguisticsexism.Muchefforthasbeenputonanti-femalelanguageusagewhilelittleonanti-malebiasinlanguage.

Theendofthe1980switnessedthebirthofanewtheorytothestudyoflinguisticsexism,thatis,theapproachfrommen’sstudy,whichholdsthatboththemaleandthefemalecanbepreysoflinguisticsexism（杨永林,2004:

36）.However,thisnewlyemergingforceisnotpowerfulenoughtoplaceinfluenceonthesolidfoundationoftraditionalapproachestothestudyoflinguisticsexism,nottomentionchangeaveragepeople’sconceptsaboutlinguisticsexism.Generally,peopleassumethatonlyfemalesarediscriminatedagainstinlanguage.

Therefore,thispaperemploystheapproachfrommen’sstudytodiscusstheproblemofanti-malebiasinlanguageandattemptstocomparethesimilaritiesofanti-malelanguageusageinEnglishandChinese.Throughcomparison,people’smisconceptionoflinguisticsexismcanberedressed.Meanwhile,attentioncanbedrawntoanti-malebiasinEnglishandChinese.Furthermore,similaritiesbetweenEnglishcultureandChineseculturecanberevealedsoastofosterunderstandingbetweenthesetwocultures.

Primarilyemployingthetechniquesofclassification,exemplification,andcomparison,theauthorofthisarticleisgoingtodividethewholedissertationintofourchapters.Chapteroneisageneralintroduction.Chaptertwoisaliteraturereview,whichintroducesthestudiesoflinguisticsexism,misconceptionoflinguisticsexismanddifferenttheoriestothestudyoflinguisticsexism.Andchapterthree,whichisthemostimportantpart,comparesthesimilaritiesofanti-malebiasinEnglishandChinesefromthreeaspects,whicharegender-exclusivelanguage,gender-restrictivelanguage,andmasculinizationofevil.Intheendcomesanaturalconclusion,thatis,themale,likethefemale,canbevictimsoflinguisticsexism.

2.LiteratureReview

2.1Studiesoflinguisticsexism

Linguisticsexismreferstoprejudicialattitudeofeithersextowardstheotherintheuseoflanguage（杨永林,2004:

18）.Thephenomenonoflinguisticsexismexistsindifferentcultures,includingEnglishandChinesecultures.

Itwasearlyinthe1920sthatthewell-knownlinguist,Jespersen,hadnoticedthattherewerequiteanumberofnounsappliedtofemalesaloneinEnglish.Asthewomen’sliberationmovementvigorouslydevelopedfromthe1960s,linguisticsexismstudyhasroughlygonethroughfourstages.

From1960stomid1970sisthefirststageinwhichfeministsandsupportersofwomen’sliberationmovementweremainparticipants.Thestudyinthisperiodisconfinedtopoliticaldiscussionfromtheperspectiveoffeminism.Fewachievementshavebeenmadeinthisperiod.Thesecondstage,fromthe1970stomid1980s,mainlydiscussestheissueofsexisminlanguagefromtheangleofmorphologyandsemantics.However,someviewpointsandreformmeasuresarenotscientificenoughsothattheyarenotwidelyacceptedbypeople.Themid1980sseesthecomingofthethirdphase.Theacademiccircleresearchesonlinguisticsexismwithanattitudewhichismoresober,objective,discreetandscientific.Fromthe1990s,sociallinguistscombinethestudyoflinguisticsexismwiththestudyoflanguageandculture,andthestudyofcognitivescience,explainingthepotentialharmofsexistlanguagetosocietyinatheoreticalheightoflinguisticrelativity.

2.2Misconceptionoflinguisticsexismanddifferentapproaches

Fromthedefinitionoflinguisticsexismgivenatthebeginningofthepaper,wecanclearlyseethatlinguisticsexismincludesbothanti-malelanguageandanti-femalelanguage.However,mostpeopleassumethatsexistlanguageisonlyusedforthefemaleandthatfemalesalonearethevictimsoflinguisticsexism.Butaccordingtoarecenttheory,bothmalesandfemalescanbepreysoflinguisticsexismandthedifferencebetweenanti-maleusageandanti-femaleusagemerelyliesintheextentofvictimization（杨永林,2004:

24）.

Generallyspeaking,therearefouracademicapproachestothestudyoflinguisticsexism:

afeministapproach,aconventionalapproach,asociolinguisticapproach,andanapproachfrommen’sstudies.Thefeministapproachisrelativelyradical,arguingthatanegalitariansocietyshouldbecreatedinordertogetridoflinguisticsexism.Theconventionalapproach,comparedwiththefeministone,representstheconservatives,viewinglanguagebothasarbitraryandconventional.All-embracingisthesociolinguisticapproach,whichcanaccepttheradicalismoffeminism,viewpointsofmen’sstudy,andcantakeinthereasonablepartoftheconventionalapproach.Andfinally,theapproachfrommen’sstudyisanewlyemergingforcewhichroseattheendofthe1980s.Thistheoryholdsthatundermostcircumstances,malesandfemalesareallpreysofout-modedregulationsandirrationalpracticesincertaincultures,andmalesareoftencovertpreysofimplicitlinguisticsexism（杨永林,2004:

45）.

3.Gender-ExclusiveLanguage

Fordecades,linguistshavebeenmakingresearchesontheproblemoflinguisticsexism.Muchattentionhasbeenpaidtoanti-femalebiasbutfewpeoplehavenoticedthatmalescanalsobepreysofsexistlanguage.EugeneAugust,professoroftheUniversityofDayton,isoneamongthosewhohavenotedanti-malebias.Hearguesthat“anti-malebiasinlanguageisaspossibleasanti-femalebias”（quotedinAugust,2000:

70）.Accordingtohim,thereareingeneralthreetypesofanti-maleusageinmodernEnglish.Thefirsttypeislanguageofgender-exclusivenesswhichexcludesmalesfromcertainkindsofsaying.Thesecondtypeisgender-restrictivelanguageusagewhichtriestoconfinemalestocertainprescribedgenderroles.Andthelastoneisnegativestereotypesaboutmaleswhichusuallyimplyinsult,crueltyandpotentialdanger（quotedinAugust,2000:

72）.

SimilartoEnglish,Chinesealsohasanti-malelanguageusagetosomeextent.Sometermsusedonmalesalonearereallyinsulting.Inthefollowingparts,thephenomenonofanti-malebiasinlanguagewillbeanalyzedandahostofexampleswillbeprovidedtosupporttheviewthatthemalealsocanbevictimsoflinguisticsexism.

3.1Gender-exclusivelanguageinEnglish

Althoughgender-exclusivelanguageusagewhichexcludesfemalesinEnglishhasoftenbeendiscussed,li