层次分析法文献翻译.docx

层次分析法文献翻译.docx

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层次分析法文献翻译

888大学

毕业设计（论文）文献翻译

题目层次分析法

院、系（部）计算机科学与技术学院

专业及班级计科0903班

姓名888

指导教师888

日期2013年3月

AnalyticHierarchyProcess

TheAnalyticHierarchyProcess（AHP）isastructuredtechniqueforhelpingpeopledealwithcomplexdecisions.Ratherthanprescribinga"correct"decision,theAHPhelpspeopletodetermineonethatsuitstheirneedsandwants.Basedonmathematicsandpsychology,itwasdevelopedbyThomasL.Saatyinthe1970sandhasbeenextensivelystudiedandrefinedsincethen.TheAHPprovidesacomprehensiveandrationalframeworkforstructuringaproblem,forrepresentingandquantifyingitselements,forrelatingthoseelementstooverallgoals,andforevaluatingalternativesolutions.Itisusedthroughouttheworldinawidevarietyofdecisionsituations,infieldssuchasgovernment,business,industry,healthcare,andeducation.

Severalfirmssupplycomputersoftwaretoassistinusingtheprocess.

UsersoftheAHPfirstdecomposetheirdecisionproblemintoahierarchyofmoreeasilycomprehendedsub-problems,eachofwhichcanbeanalyzedindependently.Theelementsofthehierarchycanrelatetoanyaspectofthedecisionproblem—tangibleorintangible,carefullymeasuredorroughlyestimated,well-orpoorly-understood—anythingatallthatappliestothedecisionathand.

Oncethehierarchyisbuilt,thedecisionmakerssystematicallyevaluateitsvariouselements,comparingthemtooneanotherinpairs.Inmakingthecomparisons,thedecisionmakerscanuseconcretedataabouttheelements,ortheycanusetheirjudgmentsabouttheelements'relativemeaningandimportance.ItistheessenceoftheAHPthathumanjudgments,andnotjusttheunderlyinginformation,canbeusedinperformingtheevaluations.

TheAHPconvertstheseevaluationstonumericalvaluesthatcanbeprocessedandcomparedovertheentirerangeoftheproblem.Anumericalweightorpriorityisderivedforeachelementofthehierarchy,allowingdiverseandoftenincommensurableelementstobecomparedtooneanotherinarationalandconsistentway.ThiscapabilitydistinguishestheAHPfromotherdecisionmakingtechniques.

Inthefinalstepoftheprocess,numericalprioritiesarederivedforeachofthedecisionalternatives.Sincethesenumbersrepresentthealternatives'relativeabilitytoachievethedecisiongoal,theyallowastraightforwardconsiderationofthevariouscoursesofaction.

Usesandapplications

Whileitcanbeusedbyindividualsworkingonstraightforwarddecisions,AnalyticHierarchyProcess（AHP）ismostusefulwhereteamsofpeopleareworkingoncomplexproblems,especiallythosewithhighstakes,involvinghumanperceptionsandjudgments,whoseresolutionshavelong-termrepercussions.Ithasuniqueadvantageswhereimportantelementsofthedecisionaredifficulttoquantifyorcompare,orwherecommunicationamongteammembersisimpededbytheirdifferentspecializations,terminologies,orperspectives.

DecisionsituationstowhichtheAHPcanbeappliedinclude:

∙Choice-Theselectionofonealternativefromagivensetofalternatives,usuallywheretherearemultipledecisioncriteriainvolved.

∙Ranking-PuttingasetofalternativesinorderfrommosttoleastdesirablePrioritization-Determiningtherelativemeritofasetofalternatives,asopposedtoselectingasingleoneormerelyrankingthem

∙Resourceallocation-Apportioningresourcesamongasetofalternatives

∙Benchmarking-Comparingtheprocessesinone'sownorganizationwiththoseofotherbest-of-breedorganizations

∙Qualitymanagement-Dealingwiththemultidimensionalaspectsofqualityandqualityimprovement

TheapplicationsofAHPtocomplexdecisionsituationshavenumberedinthethousands,andhaveproducedextensiveresultsinproblemsinvolvingplanning,Resourceallocation,prioritysetting,andselectionamongalternatives.Otherareashaveincludedforecasting,toreotalqualitymanagement,businessprocessre-engineering,qualityfunctiondeployment，andtheBalancedScorecard.ManyAHPapplicationsareneverreportedtotheworldatlarge,becausetheytakeplaceathighlevelsoflargeorganizationswheresecurityandprivacyconsiderationsprohibittheirdisclosure.ButsomeusesofAHParediscussedintheliterature.Recentlythesehaveincluded:

∙Decidinghowbesttoreducetheimpactofglobalclimatechange（FondazioneEniEnricoMattei）

∙Quantifyingtheoverallqualityofsoftwaresystem（Microsoftcorporation）

∙Selectinguniversityfaculty（BloomsburgUniversityofPennsy）

∙Decidingwheretolocateoffshoremanufacturingplants（UniversityofCambridge）

∙Assessingriskinoperatingcross-countryprtroleumpipelines（AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers）

∙DecidinghowbesttomanageU.S.watersheds（U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture）

AHPissometimesusedindesigninghighlyspecificproceduresforparticularsituations,suchastheratingofbuildingsbyhistoricsignificance.ItwasrecentlyappliedtoaprojectthatusesvideofootagetoassesstheconditionofhighwaysinVirginia.Highwayengineersfirstusedittodeterminetheoptimumscopeoftheproject,thentojustifyitsbudgettolawmakers.

AHPiswidelyusedincountriesaroundtheworld.AtarecentinternationalconferenceonAHP,over90paperswerepresentedfrom19countries,includingtheU.S.,Germany,Japan,Chile,Malaysia,andNepal.TopicscoveredrangedfromEstablishingPaymentStandardsforSurgicalSpecialists,toStrategicTechnologyRoadmapping,toInfrastructureReconstructioninDevastatedCountries.AHPwasintroducedinChinain1982,anditsuseinthatcountryhasexpandedgreatlysincethen—itsmethodsarehighlycompatiblewiththetraditionalChinesedecisionmakingframework,andithasbeenusedformanydecisionsinthefieldsofeconomics,energy,management,environment,traffic,agriculture,industry,andthemilitary.

ThoughusingAHPrequiresnospecializedacademictrainning,thesubjectiswidelytaughtattheuniversitylevel—oneAHPsoftwareproviderlistsoverahundredcollegesanduniversitiesamongitsclients.AHPisconsideredanimportantsubjectinmanyinstitutionsofhigherlearning,includingschoolsofengineeringandGraduateschoolofBusiness.AHPisalsoanimportantsubjectinthequalityfield,andistaughtinmanyspecializedcoursesincludingSixSigma,LeanSixSigma,andQFD.

InChina,nearlyahundredschoolsoffercoursesinAHP,andmanydoctoralstudentschooseAHPasthesubjectoftheirresearchanddissertations.Over900papershavebeenpublishedonthesubjectinthatcountry,andthereisatleastoneChinesescholarlyjournaldevotedexclusivelytoAHP.

Implementation

Ascanbeseenintheexamplesthatfollow,usingtheAHPinvolvesthemathematicalsynthesisofnumerousjudgmentsaboutthedecisionproblemathand.Itisnotuncommonforthesejudgmentstonumberinthedozensoreventhehundreds.Whilethemathcanbedonebyhandorwithacalculator,itisfarmorecommontouseoneofseveralcomputerizedmethodsforenteringandsynthesizingthejudgments.Thesimplestoftheseinvolvestandardspreadsheetsoftware,whilethemostcomplexusecustomsoftware,oftenaugmentedbyspecialdevicesforacquiringthejudgmentsofdecisionmakersgatheredinameetingroom.

Stepsinusingtheprocess

TheprocedureforusingtheAHPcanbesummarizedas:

1.Modeltheproblemasahierarchycontainingthedecisiongoal,thealternativesforreachingit,andthecriteriaforevaluatingthealternatives.

2.Establishprioritiesamongtheelementsofthehierarchybymakingaseriesofjudgmentsbasedonpairwisecomparisonsoftheelements.Forexample,whencomparingpotentialreal-estatepurchases,theinvestorsmightsaytheypreferlocationoverpriceandpriceovertiming.

3.Synthesizethesejudgmentstoyieldasetofoverallprioritiesforthehierarchy.Thiswouldcombinetheinvestors'judgmentsaboutlocation,priceandtimingforpropertiesA,B,C,andDintooverallprioritiesforeachproperty.

4.Checktheconsistencyofthejudgments.

5.Cometoafinaldecisionbasedontheresultsofthisprocess.

Criticisms

TheAHPisnowincludedinmostoperationsresearchandmanagementsciencetextbooks,andistaughtinnumerousuniversities;itisusedextensivelyinorganizationsthathavecarefullyinvestigateditstheoreticalunderpinnings.Whilethegeneralconsensusisthatitisbothtechnicallyvalidandpracticallyuseful,themethoddoeshaveitscritics.

Intheearly1990saseriesofdebatesbetweencriticsandproponentsofAHPwaspublishedinManagementScienceandTheJournaloftheOperationalResearchSociety.ThesedebatesseemtohavebeensettledinfavorofAHP.

Occasionalcriticismsstillappear.A1997paperexaminedpossibleflawsintheverbal（vs.numerical）scaleoftenusedinAHPpairwisecomparisons.AnotherfromthesameyearclaimedthatinnocuouschangestotheAHPmodelcanintroduceorderwherenoorderexists.A2006paperfoundthattheadditionofcriteriaforwhichallalternativesperformequallycanaltertheprioritiesofalternatives.Anin-depthpaperdiscussingtheacademiccriticismsofAHPwaspublishedinOperationsResearchin2001.

Mostofthecriticismsinvolveaphenomenoncalledrankreversal,discussedinthefollowingsection.

Rankreversal

Manypeoplehearaboutrankreversalandassumethatthereissomesortofprovenprincipleaboutitthatneedstobeupheldinmakingdecisions.ThatassumptionhasledtomuchmisunderstandingofAHPandotherdecisionmakingtechniques.Inactuality,rankreversalisacomplexmatteraboutwhichtherearemanyconflictingideasandopinions.Thissectionoffersasimplifiedexplanationofthesituation.

Decisionmakinginvolvesrankingalternativesintermsofc