全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及参考答案.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及参考答案
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,3_heartrateandoxygenconsumption.Butbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.
6,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe7.Studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.
Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedback,thatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.
Althoughsadnessalso14tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles18moreenthusiasticallytofunnycartoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown,19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround.20,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.
1.[A]among
[B]except
[C]despite
[D]like
2.[A]reflect
[B]demand
[C]indicate
[D]produce
3.[A]stabilizing
[B]boosting
[C]impairing
[D]determining
4.[A]transmit
[B]sustain
[C]evaluate
[D]observe
5.[A]measurable
[B]manageable
[C]affordable
[D]renewable
6.[A]Inturn
[B]Infact
[C]Inaddition
[D]Inbrief
7.[A]opposite
[B]impossible
[C]average
[D]expected
8.[A]hardens
[B]weakens
[C]tightens
[D]relaxes
9.[A]aggravate
[B]generate
[C]moderate
[D]enhance
10.[A]physical
[B]mental
[C]subconscious
[D]internal
11.[A]Exceptfor
[B]Accordingto
[C]Dueto
[D]Asfor
12.[A]with
[B]on
[C]in
[D]at
13.[A]unless
14.[A]exhausts
[B]until
[B]follows
[C]if
[C]precedes
[D]because
[D]suppresses
15.[A]into
[B]from
[C]towards
[D]beyond
16.[A]fetch
[B]bite
[C]pick
[D]hold
17.[A]disappointed
[B]excited
[C]joyful
[D]indifferent
18.[A]adapted
[B]catered
[C]turned
[D]reacted
19.[A]suggesting
[B]requiring
[C]mentioning
[D]supposing
20.[A]Eventually
[B]Consequently
[C]Similarly
[D]Conversely
SectionII:
ReadingComprehension
PartADirections:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!
Atlast!
”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.
Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertis
comparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.”AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.
Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.
Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Theserecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe“consumed”atatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.
Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:
AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto
“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.”Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?
Merelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.
21.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert’sappointmenthas.
[A]incurredcriticism[B]raisedsuspicion
[C]receivedacclaim[D]arousedcuriosity
22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois.
[A]influential[B]modest[C]respectable[D]talented
23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers.
[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances
[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances
[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances
[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances
24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?
[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.
[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.
[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.
[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.
25.RegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels.[A]doubtful[B]enthusiastic[C]confident[D]puzzled
Text2
WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.”Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision,”McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.
McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn’talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.
Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.
Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:
“Ican’tthinkofa
singlesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”
Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeago,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.
Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.“Thetraditionalrulewasit’ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat’sbeenfundamentallyinverted,”saysoneheadhunter.“Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoolong.”
26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeing.
[A]arrogant[B]frank[C]self-centered[D]impulsive
27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives’quittingmaybespurredby.
[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus
[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife
[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards
[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals
28.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans.
[A]approvedof[B]attendedto.[C]huntedfor[D]guardedagainst
29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.