法律英语法律术语.docx

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法律英语法律术语.docx

法律英语法律术语

1、TWOMAINLEGALFAMILIES

Common/English/English-AmericanLaw(Legal)System/Family普通法系

-caselawsystem-Anglo-Saxoncase-lawsystem-Anglo-Americanlegalsystem

Continental/Roman/CivilLaw(Legal)System/Family大陆法系

-civilianlegalsystem-civil-lawsystem

2、civillaw民法、国内法、罗马法、大陆法

3、substantiveLaw〔实体法〕VSproceduralLaw〔程序法〕

4、caselaw〔案例法〕vs.statutorylaw〔成文法〕

statutory/written/codified/enactedlaw制定法、成文法

5、adversarytrialsystem〔对抗制〕vs.inquisitorialsystem〔纠问制〕

6、jurytrialsystem陪审团制度

7、The reports of the United States Supreme Court联邦最高法院判例汇编

The reports of  some States州法院判例汇编

8、legal cases法律案例

9、private lawand/vs.publiclaw

10、thestatutory lawcontinues to besubject to bindinginterpretation through case law

〔其成文法继续适用通过判例法(注:

即先例)进行的有约束力的解释〕

11、Commonlaw(innarrowsense):

-commongenerallaw

-locallaw

-itinerantjudgesoftheEnglishroyalcourt

-enforcementofaclaim

-specialformofaction:

writ

-classicalRomanlaw

-ProvisionsofOxford(1258)牛津条例

-“writuponthecase〞本案令状

12、enforcement强制执行;claim请求;action诉讼行为;writ法院令状;recourse追索权;追索,追偿

13、Equitylaw衡平法

-“equity〞——doing equity

-chancellor

-relief救济

-judiciary

-CourtofChancery〔衡平法院〕and/vs.ordinarycommonlawcourts

-maxim

-fixed,inflexible

-equitabledoctrines(e.g.lawofsalvageatsea)

-Inaconflictbetweenlaw&equity,equityshouldprevail.

14、award

compensatory,compensate

damages

specificperformance特定履行|实际履行

injunction强制令

real/immoveableproperty〔不动产〕and/vs.personal/moveableproperty〔动产〕

15、commonlawremedy/relief:

普通法救济

-(compensatory)damages金钱赔偿

16、equity/equitableremedies/relief:

衡平法救济

-injunction(atemporaryorfinalordertodoornottodoaspecificact)强制令

-specificperformance(apartytoanagreementisorderedbythecourttoperformhisobligationsaccordingtothetermsoftheagreement)

-restitution

17、judicial

express〔明示〕vs.implied〔默示〕

provision,provide

jurisdiction管辖区域,法域;(司法〕管辖权

civilsuit民事诉讼

title

thelawofproperty财产法

beforethejudge在法庭上

17、apply/applicable/available适用于

besubjectto受。

的约束

●ThiscaseissubjecttoChineselaw.

受……约束,引申为适用

●Chineselawapplies/isapplicableto/isavailabletothiscase.

适用于

18、precedent先例

judge-madelaw法官制定的法律

makethelaw制定法律

usage

term

connote/mean

incontrastto,ascontrastedwith

subjectmatter标的

19、Twoparallelcourtsystems(DoubleTracksystem)双轨制

●FederalCourtSystem联邦法院系统

-U.S./FederalDistrictCourt联邦地区法院

-U.S./FederalCourtofAppeals联邦上诉法院

-U.S./FederalSupremeCourt联邦最高法院

●StateCourtSystem州法院系统

-Trial/circuitCourt审判法院|巡回法院

-StateAppellateCourt(CourtofAppeals)上诉法院

-StateSupremeCourt最高法院

20、Separationofpowers

-Legislativebranch:

Congress

-Executivebranch:

President

-Judicialbranch:

Courts

ChecksandBalances

JudicialReview

-theabilityofacourttodecideontheconstitutionalityoflegislation

21、美国的法官

●联邦和州最高法院的法官

●——大法官,justiceChiefJusticeAssociateJustice

●上诉法院和审判法院的法官

●——法官,judgeChiefJusticeAssociateJustice

●基层法院的审判人员

●——治安法官,justiceofthepeace

●——司法官,magistrate

22、TheU.S.SupremeCourt,composeofninejustices,sitsasthefinalandcontrollingvoiceoverallthesesystems.美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官(1ChiefJusticeand8AssociateJustice)组成,对全部这些法律体系有最终的控制性的发言权。

23、issue问题,争论点

litigant诉讼当事人

plead(thecase)〔向法庭〕陈述案情;plead〔在法庭〕申辩,认罪,辩护;申诉;辩论;为…辩护,抗辩

beforeacourt

judgment/decision/holding

appeal,appealable

hear,hearing

inwhichthecourtislocated

territory

tribunal

court/judicialdecisions

review/rehear重审,再审,复审

proceedthrough

asofrightvs.discretionary

discretion

abolish

24、Two-tieredsystem两级审判制

25、Since1988,reviewbytheSupremeCourtincivilcasesisdiscretionary;virtuallyallcivilappealsasofrighttothehighestcourthavebeenabolished.从1988年开始,最高法院对民事案件的复审有决定权;实际上,所有民事案件都可以作为(法定〕权利而上诉到最高法院的作法已经被废除了。

26、(compromise)approach-(internationalconventions)

impose(on/uponsb.)

capitalpunishment

writofcertiorari

providedforbystatute

specific

27、adhoc

Versus(vs.orv.):

29、允许上诉〔grantleavetoappeal),

30、审查下级法院判决的诉讼文件移送命令〔writofcertiorari)

31、US:

ArticleIII,section2(UK:

Section3,paragraph2;CN:

Article3,paragraph2)

Plaintiffvs.Defendant

applicant/claimantvs.respondent

appellantvs.appellee

courtoffirst/second/lastinstance

courtoflastresort/finalhearing/finaljudgment

higher/superiorcourtvs.lower/inferiorcourt

31、constitutional1. 宪法规定的,符合宪法的2. 宪法的

justice1. 正义;公正,合理2. 法律制裁;司法;审判3. 法官

judicial司法的,法庭的,审判的,法官的〔e.g.judicialacceptance,judicialsystem,judicialdecisions,judicialinterpretation…)

judiciary 司法,司法系统法庭或法庭制度;(总称)法官,审判官;司法系统,司法部;法院的;审判员的;司法的

careerjudiciary职业法官

learnedjudges(e.g.LordDenning)

justice(supremecourt),judge

bench(court)trialand/vs.jurytrial

therulesandregulations规章制度

provisions,treaties

laws,executiveactsandregulations法律,行政法令和条例

32、becalled/admittedtotheBar具有开业律师资格

barexamination

thepracticingbar执业律师

thebenchvs.thebar

berequiredtobeadmittedtopractice(law)butdonotpracticewhileonthebench

AmericanBarAssociation(ABA)

beadmitted(topractice)beforethefederalcourt

lawfirm

attorney/attorneyatlaw/counselor〔civil〕

advocate辩护律师

consultant,advisor,planner,negotiator

house/corporatecounsel专职法律参谋,公司法律参谋

TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice

(UK)solicitor/barrister

32、律师

美国

Lawyer、Attorney、Attorney–at-law、Counselor、Counselor–at-law

英国

Barrister诉讼律师,大律师,出庭律师

Solicitor非诉律师,诉状律师,事务律师

32、大学后教育〔postgraduate〕

美国法学院设立的学位

JD,JurisDoctor——法律博士

LLM,MasterofLaws——法学硕士

SJD,DoctorofJuridicalScience——法学博士

33、unjustenrichment

connote/referto/mean

beavailable

elements,requirements,conditions,requisites,prerequisites

Legaleffect

performance

create/make/form/conclude/enterintocontracts

breach

34、Itcreatesobligationsforwhichsomesortoflegalenforcementwillbeavailableifperformanceisnotforthcomingaspromised.它设立了当不按约履行时,便可由某种法律强制手段保证实施的义务。

35、Threeelementsinatransaction——contract

⏹1.Theagreement-in-fact事实协议

⏹2.Theagreement-in-written书面协议

⏹3.Thesetofrightsandduties……一系列权利与义务

36、ownership:

tangible〔有形的〕,intangible〔无形的〕

detailed/specificrules

govern/regulate

realproperty/immovableproperty/realestate〔不动产〕vs.personalproperty/movableproperty/chattel〔动产〕

bodiesoflaw

37、Copyrights版权

Patents专利权

Sharesofcorporatestock公司股权

Negotiableinstruments票据权

-e.g.cheques,promissory,note,billsofexchange

38、violate(therights,thelaw),violation

propertyrights

individualrights

personalrights

inflictionofphysicalinjury

commission,commitacrime,robbery,etc.

criminalacts

tortiousacts

39、

transfer/convey(conveyance)

lawofcontracts/torts

legalmechanism

expectations

40、Legalmechanismforprotectingtheexpectationsthatarisefromthemakingofagreementsforthefutureexchangeofvarioustypesofperformance.合同法是保护预期利益的法律机制,该预期利益产生于就未来交易各类履行而制定的契约。

41、

proceed

raiseissues

breachofcontractandtort:

concurrence

leaseagreement

loophole

42、fraud〞conduct欺诈行为

43、ExampleofContracts

⏹Employmentcontracts雇佣合同

⏹ServiceContracts效劳合同

⏹BuildingConstruction建造合同

⏹InsuranceContracts

⏹Contractinvolvingrealproperty

⏹SaleofIntangibles(stocks,bonds,patents,copyrights,etc)

44、Expectationdamages预期赔偿金

Agreeduponremedies补救协议

Equitablerelief衡平救济

45、Formationofcontract合同的成立

⏹contractformation

⏹bothpartiestothecontract

⏹competentparties有法定资格的主体,适格的主体/当事人

⏹legalcapacity/ability法律能力,法定资格,法定身份

⏹mutualassent合意

⏹meetingoftheminds/mutualityofagreement意思表示一致

⏹invitationtotreat/ofoffer要约邀请

⏹counteroffer反要约

⏹firmoffer实盘

⏹revocation(revoke)撤销

⏹rejection拒绝

⏹lapse届满

46、Performanceofcontract

⏹groundsfornon-performanceofcontracts

⏹mistake

⏹changedcircumstances:

impossibilityandfrustrationofpurpose合同目的落空

⏹forcemajeure不可抗力

⏹lackof(legal)capacity:

minors未成年人,mentaldeficiency

⏹duress胁迫andundueinfluence不当影响

⏹misrepresentation误述,虚伪陈述

⏹unconscionability显失公平

⏹contractsagainstpublicpolicy,illegalcontracts(legality)

47、Breachofcontractandremedies

⏹compensatorydamages补偿性赔偿vs.punitivedamages惩罚性赔偿

⏹expectationloss预期利益损失vs.relianceloss依赖利益损失

⏹liquidateddamages议定赔偿vs.unliquidateddamages未议定赔偿

⏹specificperformance

⏹restitutionremedies

⏹repudiate,repudiation拒绝履行

⏹anticipatoryrepudiation预期违约

⏹repudiatorybreach毁约性违约

⏹suspend中止

⏹cancel〔cancellation)/terminate(termination)/rescind(rescission)thecontract解除合同

⏹mitigationofdamages

⏹foreseeability

48、categories

⏹unilateralcontract单务合同vs.bilateralcontract双务合同

⏹expresscontract明示合同vs.impliedcontract默示合同

⏹formalcontact要式合同vs.informalcontract不要式合同

⏹valid,void,voidablecontract有效,无效,可撤销合同

⏹quasicontract准契约

49、claimvs.debt债权,债务

creditorvs.debtor债权人,债务人

physicallossvs.non-physicalloss有形损失,无形损失

-e.g.lossofordamagetothegoods,economicalloss

50、source/authority法律渊源

leadingcase,leadingauthority

applytherulesoflawto

decidedisputes,cases

prior/pastjudicial/courtdecisions,cases

ordinances条例,主要用于美国英语中

51、Primarysource〔首要法源〕VSSecondarysource〔次要法源〕

52、

thecasesubjudice/underadjudication

feelobligedto

obligation

regimeoflaw

bejustifiedontwogrounds

justification

predictability

ascertainablerulesoflaw

bindingon/upon

thecasepresentedfordecision

anappellatecourtofhigherrank(level)inthesamejurisdiction

materialfacts,circumstances

overruletheearlierdecision,overruling

retroactively有溯及力的

thepartiestotheearliercase

thecaseunderdecision

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