法律英语法律术语.docx
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法律英语法律术语
1、TWOMAINLEGALFAMILIES
Common/English/English-AmericanLaw(Legal)System/Family普通法系
-caselawsystem-Anglo-Saxoncase-lawsystem-Anglo-Americanlegalsystem
Continental/Roman/CivilLaw(Legal)System/Family大陆法系
-civilianlegalsystem-civil-lawsystem
2、civillaw民法、国内法、罗马法、大陆法
3、substantiveLaw〔实体法〕VSproceduralLaw〔程序法〕
4、caselaw〔案例法〕vs.statutorylaw〔成文法〕
statutory/written/codified/enactedlaw制定法、成文法
5、adversarytrialsystem〔对抗制〕vs.inquisitorialsystem〔纠问制〕
6、jurytrialsystem陪审团制度
7、The reports of the United States Supreme Court联邦最高法院判例汇编
The reports of some States州法院判例汇编
8、legal cases法律案例
9、private lawand/vs.publiclaw
10、thestatutory lawcontinues to besubject to bindinginterpretation through case law
〔其成文法继续适用通过判例法(注:
即先例)进行的有约束力的解释〕
11、Commonlaw(innarrowsense):
-commongenerallaw
-locallaw
-itinerantjudgesoftheEnglishroyalcourt
-enforcementofaclaim
-specialformofaction:
writ
-classicalRomanlaw
-ProvisionsofOxford(1258)牛津条例
-“writuponthecase〞本案令状
12、enforcement强制执行;claim请求;action诉讼行为;writ法院令状;recourse追索权;追索,追偿
13、Equitylaw衡平法
-“equity〞——doing equity
-chancellor
-relief救济
-judiciary
-CourtofChancery〔衡平法院〕and/vs.ordinarycommonlawcourts
-maxim
-fixed,inflexible
-equitabledoctrines(e.g.lawofsalvageatsea)
-Inaconflictbetweenlaw&equity,equityshouldprevail.
14、award
compensatory,compensate
damages
specificperformance特定履行|实际履行
injunction强制令
real/immoveableproperty〔不动产〕and/vs.personal/moveableproperty〔动产〕
15、commonlawremedy/relief:
普通法救济
-(compensatory)damages金钱赔偿
16、equity/equitableremedies/relief:
衡平法救济
-injunction(atemporaryorfinalordertodoornottodoaspecificact)强制令
-specificperformance(apartytoanagreementisorderedbythecourttoperformhisobligationsaccordingtothetermsoftheagreement)
-restitution
17、judicial
express〔明示〕vs.implied〔默示〕
provision,provide
jurisdiction管辖区域,法域;(司法〕管辖权
civilsuit民事诉讼
title
thelawofproperty财产法
beforethejudge在法庭上
17、apply/applicable/available适用于
besubjectto受。
。
。
。
的约束
●ThiscaseissubjecttoChineselaw.
受……约束,引申为适用
●Chineselawapplies/isapplicableto/isavailabletothiscase.
适用于
18、precedent先例
judge-madelaw法官制定的法律
makethelaw制定法律
usage
term
connote/mean
incontrastto,ascontrastedwith
subjectmatter标的
19、Twoparallelcourtsystems(DoubleTracksystem)双轨制
●FederalCourtSystem联邦法院系统
-U.S./FederalDistrictCourt联邦地区法院
-U.S./FederalCourtofAppeals联邦上诉法院
-U.S./FederalSupremeCourt联邦最高法院
●StateCourtSystem州法院系统
-Trial/circuitCourt审判法院|巡回法院
-StateAppellateCourt(CourtofAppeals)上诉法院
-StateSupremeCourt最高法院
20、Separationofpowers
-Legislativebranch:
Congress
-Executivebranch:
President
-Judicialbranch:
Courts
ChecksandBalances
JudicialReview
-theabilityofacourttodecideontheconstitutionalityoflegislation
21、美国的法官
●联邦和州最高法院的法官
●——大法官,justiceChiefJusticeAssociateJustice
●上诉法院和审判法院的法官
●——法官,judgeChiefJusticeAssociateJustice
●基层法院的审判人员
●——治安法官,justiceofthepeace
●——司法官,magistrate
22、TheU.S.SupremeCourt,composeofninejustices,sitsasthefinalandcontrollingvoiceoverallthesesystems.美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官(1ChiefJusticeand8AssociateJustice)组成,对全部这些法律体系有最终的控制性的发言权。
23、issue问题,争论点
litigant诉讼当事人
plead(thecase)〔向法庭〕陈述案情;plead〔在法庭〕申辩,认罪,辩护;申诉;辩论;为…辩护,抗辩
beforeacourt
judgment/decision/holding
appeal,appealable
hear,hearing
inwhichthecourtislocated
territory
tribunal
court/judicialdecisions
review/rehear重审,再审,复审
proceedthrough
asofrightvs.discretionary
discretion
abolish
24、Two-tieredsystem两级审判制
25、Since1988,reviewbytheSupremeCourtincivilcasesisdiscretionary;virtuallyallcivilappealsasofrighttothehighestcourthavebeenabolished.从1988年开始,最高法院对民事案件的复审有决定权;实际上,所有民事案件都可以作为(法定〕权利而上诉到最高法院的作法已经被废除了。
26、(compromise)approach-(internationalconventions)
impose(on/uponsb.)
capitalpunishment
writofcertiorari
providedforbystatute
specific
27、adhoc
Versus(vs.orv.):
29、允许上诉〔grantleavetoappeal),
30、审查下级法院判决的诉讼文件移送命令〔writofcertiorari)
31、US:
ArticleIII,section2(UK:
Section3,paragraph2;CN:
Article3,paragraph2)
Plaintiffvs.Defendant
applicant/claimantvs.respondent
appellantvs.appellee
courtoffirst/second/lastinstance
courtoflastresort/finalhearing/finaljudgment
higher/superiorcourtvs.lower/inferiorcourt
31、constitutional1. 宪法规定的,符合宪法的2. 宪法的
justice1. 正义;公正,合理2. 法律制裁;司法;审判3. 法官
judicial司法的,法庭的,审判的,法官的〔e.g.judicialacceptance,judicialsystem,judicialdecisions,judicialinterpretation…)
judiciary 司法,司法系统法庭或法庭制度;(总称)法官,审判官;司法系统,司法部;法院的;审判员的;司法的
careerjudiciary职业法官
learnedjudges(e.g.LordDenning)
justice(supremecourt),judge
bench(court)trialand/vs.jurytrial
therulesandregulations规章制度
provisions,treaties
laws,executiveactsandregulations法律,行政法令和条例
32、becalled/admittedtotheBar具有开业律师资格
barexamination
thepracticingbar执业律师
thebenchvs.thebar
berequiredtobeadmittedtopractice(law)butdonotpracticewhileonthebench
AmericanBarAssociation(ABA)
beadmitted(topractice)beforethefederalcourt
lawfirm
attorney/attorneyatlaw/counselor〔civil〕
advocate辩护律师
consultant,advisor,planner,negotiator
house/corporatecounsel专职法律参谋,公司法律参谋
TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofJustice
(UK)solicitor/barrister
32、律师
美国
Lawyer、Attorney、Attorney–at-law、Counselor、Counselor–at-law
英国
Barrister诉讼律师,大律师,出庭律师
Solicitor非诉律师,诉状律师,事务律师
32、大学后教育〔postgraduate〕
美国法学院设立的学位
JD,JurisDoctor——法律博士
LLM,MasterofLaws——法学硕士
SJD,DoctorofJuridicalScience——法学博士
33、unjustenrichment
connote/referto/mean
beavailable
elements,requirements,conditions,requisites,prerequisites
Legaleffect
performance
create/make/form/conclude/enterintocontracts
breach
34、Itcreatesobligationsforwhichsomesortoflegalenforcementwillbeavailableifperformanceisnotforthcomingaspromised.它设立了当不按约履行时,便可由某种法律强制手段保证实施的义务。
35、Threeelementsinatransaction——contract
⏹1.Theagreement-in-fact事实协议
⏹2.Theagreement-in-written书面协议
⏹3.Thesetofrightsandduties……一系列权利与义务
36、ownership:
tangible〔有形的〕,intangible〔无形的〕
detailed/specificrules
govern/regulate
realproperty/immovableproperty/realestate〔不动产〕vs.personalproperty/movableproperty/chattel〔动产〕
bodiesoflaw
37、Copyrights版权
Patents专利权
Sharesofcorporatestock公司股权
Negotiableinstruments票据权
-e.g.cheques,promissory,note,billsofexchange
38、violate(therights,thelaw),violation
propertyrights
individualrights
personalrights
inflictionofphysicalinjury
commission,commitacrime,robbery,etc.
criminalacts
tortiousacts
39、
transfer/convey(conveyance)
lawofcontracts/torts
legalmechanism
expectations
40、Legalmechanismforprotectingtheexpectationsthatarisefromthemakingofagreementsforthefutureexchangeofvarioustypesofperformance.合同法是保护预期利益的法律机制,该预期利益产生于就未来交易各类履行而制定的契约。
41、
proceed
raiseissues
breachofcontractandtort:
concurrence
leaseagreement
loophole
42、fraud〞conduct欺诈行为
43、ExampleofContracts
⏹Employmentcontracts雇佣合同
⏹ServiceContracts效劳合同
⏹BuildingConstruction建造合同
⏹InsuranceContracts
⏹Contractinvolvingrealproperty
⏹SaleofIntangibles(stocks,bonds,patents,copyrights,etc)
44、Expectationdamages预期赔偿金
Agreeduponremedies补救协议
Equitablerelief衡平救济
45、Formationofcontract合同的成立
⏹contractformation
⏹bothpartiestothecontract
⏹competentparties有法定资格的主体,适格的主体/当事人
⏹legalcapacity/ability法律能力,法定资格,法定身份
⏹mutualassent合意
⏹meetingoftheminds/mutualityofagreement意思表示一致
⏹invitationtotreat/ofoffer要约邀请
⏹counteroffer反要约
⏹firmoffer实盘
⏹revocation(revoke)撤销
⏹rejection拒绝
⏹lapse届满
46、Performanceofcontract
⏹groundsfornon-performanceofcontracts
⏹mistake
⏹changedcircumstances:
impossibilityandfrustrationofpurpose合同目的落空
⏹forcemajeure不可抗力
⏹lackof(legal)capacity:
minors未成年人,mentaldeficiency
⏹duress胁迫andundueinfluence不当影响
⏹misrepresentation误述,虚伪陈述
⏹unconscionability显失公平
⏹contractsagainstpublicpolicy,illegalcontracts(legality)
47、Breachofcontractandremedies
⏹compensatorydamages补偿性赔偿vs.punitivedamages惩罚性赔偿
⏹expectationloss预期利益损失vs.relianceloss依赖利益损失
⏹liquidateddamages议定赔偿vs.unliquidateddamages未议定赔偿
⏹specificperformance
⏹restitutionremedies
⏹repudiate,repudiation拒绝履行
⏹anticipatoryrepudiation预期违约
⏹repudiatorybreach毁约性违约
⏹suspend中止
⏹cancel〔cancellation)/terminate(termination)/rescind(rescission)thecontract解除合同
⏹mitigationofdamages
⏹foreseeability
48、categories
⏹unilateralcontract单务合同vs.bilateralcontract双务合同
⏹expresscontract明示合同vs.impliedcontract默示合同
⏹formalcontact要式合同vs.informalcontract不要式合同
⏹valid,void,voidablecontract有效,无效,可撤销合同
⏹quasicontract准契约
49、claimvs.debt债权,债务
creditorvs.debtor债权人,债务人
physicallossvs.non-physicalloss有形损失,无形损失
-e.g.lossofordamagetothegoods,economicalloss
50、source/authority法律渊源
leadingcase,leadingauthority
applytherulesoflawto
decidedisputes,cases
prior/pastjudicial/courtdecisions,cases
ordinances条例,主要用于美国英语中
51、Primarysource〔首要法源〕VSSecondarysource〔次要法源〕
52、
thecasesubjudice/underadjudication
feelobligedto
obligation
regimeoflaw
bejustifiedontwogrounds
justification
predictability
ascertainablerulesoflaw
bindingon/upon
thecasepresentedfordecision
anappellatecourtofhigherrank(level)inthesamejurisdiction
materialfacts,circumstances
overruletheearlierdecision,overruling
retroactively有溯及力的
thepartiestotheearliercase
thecaseunderdecision