法律英语法律术语.docx

1、法律英语法律术语1、TWO MAIN LEGAL FAMILIESCommon/English/English-American Law (Legal) System/Family普通法系- case law system- Anglo-Saxon case-law system- Anglo-American legal systemContinental/Roman/Civil Law (Legal) System/Family大陆法系- civilian legal system- civil-law system2、civil law民法、国内法、罗马法、大陆法3、substantiv

2、e Law实体法VS procedural Law程序法4、case law案例法 vs. statutory law成文法statutory / written / codified / enacted law制定法、成文法5、adversary trial system对抗制 vs. inquisitorial system 纠问制6、jury trial system陪审团制度7、Thereportsofthe UnitedStatesSupremeCourt联邦最高法院判例汇编ThereportsofsomeStates州法院判例汇编8、legalcases法律案例9、privatel

3、aw and / vs. public law 10、the statutorylaw continuestobe subjecttobinding interpretationthroughcaselaw 其成文法继续适用通过判例法(注：即先例)进行的有约束力的解释11、Common law (in narrow sense): - common general law - local law - itinerant judges of the English royal court - enforcement of a claim - special form of action: wri

4、t - classical Roman law - Provisions of Oxford (1258)牛津条例 - “writ upon the case本案令状12、enforcement 强制执行；claim 请求；action 诉讼行为；writ 法院令状； recourse 追索权；追索，追偿13、Equity law衡平法- “ equity doingequity- chancellor - relief 救济- judiciary- Court of Chancery 衡平法院and / vs. ordinary common law courts-maxim- fixed,

5、 inflexible- equitable doctrines (e.g. law of salvage at sea)- In a conflict between law & equity,equity should prevail.14、awardcompensatory, compensatedamagesspecific performance特定履行|实际履行injunction强制令real/immoveable property不动产 and / vs. personal/moveable property 动产15、common law remedy/relief:普通法救

6、济 - (compensatory) damages金钱赔偿16、equity/equitable remedies/relief:衡平法救济 - injunction ( a temporary or final order to do or not to do a specific act)强制令 - specific performance (a party to an agreement is ordered by the court to perform his obligations according to the terms of the agreement) - restit

7、ution 17、judicial express 明示vs. implied 默示provision, providejurisdiction 管辖区域,法域; (司法管辖权civil suit民事诉讼titlethe law of property财产法before the judge在法庭上17、apply/applicable/available适用于be subject to受。的约束This case is subject to Chinese law. 受约束，引申为适用Chinese law applies / is applicable to / is available t

8、o this case. 适用于 18、precedent先例judge-made law法官制定的法律make the law制定法律usagetermconnote / meanin contrast to, as contrasted withsubject matter标的19、Two parallel court systems(Double Track system)双轨制 Federal Court System联邦法院系统 - U.S. / Federal District Court联邦地区法院 - U.S. / Federal Court of Appeals联邦上诉法院

9、- U.S. / Federal Supreme Court联邦最高法院State Court System州法院系统 - Trial / circuit Court审判法院|巡回法院 - State Appellate Court (Court of Appeals)上诉法院 - State Supreme Court最高法院20、Separation of powers - Legislative branch: Congress - Executive branch: President - Judicial branch: CourtsChecks and Balances Judic

10、ial Review - the ability of a court to decide on the constitutionality of legislation21、美国的法官联邦和州最高法院的法官大法官，justice Chief Justice Associate Justice上诉法院和审判法院的法官法官，judge Chief Justice Associate Justice基层法院的审判人员治安法官，justice of the peace司法官，magistrate22、The U.S. Supreme Court, compose of nine justices,

11、sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems.美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官(1 Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justice)组成，对全部这些法律体系有最终的控制性的发言权。23、issue 问题，争论点litigant 诉讼当事人plead (the case)向法庭陈述案情; plead在法庭申辩，认罪，辩护 ;申诉; 辩论; 为辩护, 抗辩 before a courtjudgment / decision / holdingappeal, appealablehear, hea

12、ring in which the court is locatedterritory tribunalcourt/judicial decisions review / rehear 重审，再审，复审proceed throughas of right vs. discretionarydiscretionabolish 24、Two-tiered system 两级审判制25、Since 1988, review by the Supreme Court in civil cases is discretionary; virtually all civil appeals as of r

13、ight to the highest court have been abolished.从1988年开始，最高法院对民事案件的复审有决定权；实际上，所有民事案件都可以作为(法定权利而上诉到最高法院的作法已经被废除了。26、(compromise) approach - (international conventions) impose (on / upon sb.)capital punishmentwrit of certiorariprovided for by statutespecific 27、ad hoc Versus (vs. or v.):29、允许上诉grant lea

14、ve to appeal), 30、审查下级法院判决的诉讼文件移送命令writ of certiorari)31、US: Article III, section 2 (UK: Section 3, paragraph 2; CN: Article 3, paragraph 2)Plaintiff vs. Defendant applicant / claimant vs. respondentappellant vs. appelleecourt of first / second / last instancecourt of last resort / final hearing / f

15、inal judgmenthigher/superior court vs. lower/inferior court31、constitutional 1.宪法规定的,符合宪法的2.宪法的 justice 1.正义; 公正, 合理2.法律制裁; 司法; 审判3.法官judicial 司法的, 法庭的, 审判的,法官的e.g. judicial acceptance, judicial system，judicial decisions, judicial interpretation)judiciary司法，司法系统法庭或法庭制度； (总称)法官,审判官; 司法系统，司法部 ; 法院的; 审

16、判员的; 司法的 career judiciary 职业法官learned judges (e.g. Lord Denning)justice (supreme court), judge bench (court) trial and / vs. jury trial the rules and regulations 规章制度provisions, treatieslaws, executive acts and regulations 法律，行政法令和条例32、be called/admitted to the Bar具有开业律师资格bar examination the practic

17、ing bar 执业律师the bench vs. the bar be required to be admitted to practice (law) but do not practice while on the bench American Bar Association (ABA)be admitted ( to practice) before the federal courtlaw firm attorney / attorney at law / counselorciviladvocate 辩护律师consultant, advisor, planner, negoti

18、atorhouse / corporate counsel专职法律参谋，公司法律参谋The United States Department of Justice(UK) solicitor / barrister 32、律师美国Lawyer、Attorney、Attorney at-law、Counselor、Counselorat-law英国Barrister诉讼律师，大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师，诉状律师，事务律师32、大学后教育 postgraduate美国法学院设立的学位JD，Juris Doctor法律博士LLM，Master of Laws法学硕士SJD，Docto

19、r of Juridical Science法学博士33、unjust enrichmentconnote / refer to / meanbe availableelements, requirements, conditions, requisites, prerequisitesLegal effectperformancecreate / make / form / conclude / enter into contractsbreach 34、It creates obligations for which some sort of legal enforcement will

20、be available if performance is not forthcoming as promised. 它设立了当不按约履行时，便可由某种法律强制手段保证实施的义务。35、Three elements in a transactioncontract1. The agreement-in-fact事实协议2. The agreement-in-written书面协议3. The set of rights and duties 一系列权利与义务36、ownership: tangible有形的, intangible无形的detailed / specific rulesgov

21、ern / regulatereal property/ immovable property/ real estate不动产 vs. personal property/ movable property/ chattel动产bodies of law37、Copyrights 版权Patents 专利权Shares of corporate stock 公司股权Negotiable instruments 票据权 - e.g. cheques, promissory ，note, bills of exchange 38、violate (the rights, the law), vio

22、lationproperty rightsindividual rightspersonal rights infliction of physical injurycommission, commit a crime, robbery, etc.criminal actstortious acts39、transfer / convey (conveyance) law of contracts / tortslegal mechanismexpectations40、Legal mechanism for protecting the expectations that arise fro

23、m the making of agreements for the future exchange of various types of performance.合同法是保护预期利益的法律机制，该预期利益产生于就未来交易各类履行而制定的契约。41、proceedraise issuesbreach of contract and tort : concurrencelease agreementloophole42、fraud conduct欺诈行为43、Example of ContractsEmployment contracts 雇佣合同Service Contracts 效劳合同B

24、uilding Construction 建造合同Insurance ContractsContract involving real propertySale of Intangibles(stocks, bonds, patents, copyrights,etc)44、Expectation damages预期赔偿金Agreed upon remedies补救协议Equitable relief衡平救济45、Formation of contract合同的成立contract formationboth parties to the contractcompetent parties 有

25、法定资格的主体，适格的主体/当事人legal capacity / ability 法律能力， 法定资格，法定身份mutual assent 合意 meeting of the minds / mutuality of agreement 意思表示一致invitation to treat / of offer要约邀请counter offer反要约firm offer 实盘revocation (revoke) 撤销rejection 拒绝lapse 届满46、Performance of contractgrounds for non-performance of contracts mi

26、stake changed circumstances: impossibility and frustration of purpose 合同目的落空force majeure 不可抗力lack of (legal) capacity: minors 未成年人, mental deficiencyduress 胁迫 and undue influence 不当影响 misrepresentation 误述,虚伪陈述unconscionability 显失公平contracts against public policy，illegal contracts (legality) 47、Brea

27、ch of contract and remediescompensatory damages 补偿性赔偿 vs. punitive damages 惩罚性赔偿expectation loss 预期利益损失vs. reliance loss 依赖利益损失liquidated damages 议定赔偿 vs. unliquidated damages 未议定赔偿specific performancerestitution remediesrepudiate, repudiation 拒绝履行anticipatory repudiation 预期违约repudiatory breach 毁约性违

28、约 suspend 中止 cancel cancellation) / terminate (termination) / rescind (rescission) the contract 解除合同mitigation of damagesforeseeability48、categoriesunilateral contract 单务合同vs. bilateral contract 双务合同express contract 明示合同vs. implied contract 默示合同formal contact 要式合同vs. informal contract 不要式合同valid, vo

29、id, voidable contract 有效，无效，可撤销合同quasi contract 准契约49、claim vs. debt 债权，债务creditor vs. debtor 债权人，债务人physical loss vs. non-physical loss 有形损失，无形损失 - e.g. loss of or damage to the goods, economical loss50、source / authority 法律渊源 leading case, leading authorityapply the rules of law todecide disputes

30、, casesprior / past judicial / court decisions, casesordinances 条例，主要用于美国英语中 51、Primary source首要法源 VS Secondary source次要法源52、the case subjudice / under adjudicationfeel obliged to obligationregime of law be justified on two groundsjustificationpredictabilityascertainable rules of lawbinding on / uponthe case presented for decisionan appellate court of higher rank (level) in the same jurisdictionmaterial facts, circumstancesoverrule the earlier decision, overrulingretroactively 有溯及力的 the parties to the earlier casethe case under decision