跨文化交际学考试名词解释.docx

跨文化交际学考试名词解释.docx

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跨文化交际学考试名词解释

跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理：

Interculturalcommunication:

interculturalcommunicationisaface-to-facecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalback-grounds.

Intraculturalcommunication:

intraculturalcommunicationcanbedefinedastheextenttowhichthereissharedinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture–whetherthisisinthemajority.orwithinminoritycultures.

Individualism:

broadlyspeaking,individualismreferstothedoctrinetheatertheinterestsoftheindividualareofoughttobeparamount,andthatallvalues,rightsanddutiesoriginateinindividuals,itemphasizesindividualinitiative,independence,individualexpression,andevenprivacy.

Collectivism:

itischaracterizedbyarigidsocialframeworkthatdistinguishbetweenin-groupsandout-groups.peopleexpecttheirin-grouptolookafterthem,andinexchangeforthattheyfelltheyoweabsoluteloyaltytothegroup.collectivismmeansgreateremphasison

（1）theviews,needs,andgoalsofthein-groupsratherthanoneself;

（2）socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;（3）beliefssharedwiththein-group;ratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromingroup;and（4）greatreadinesstocooperatewithingroupmembership.

Powerdistance:

it’stheextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerinrelationships,institutions,andorganizationsisdistributedunequally.

Context:

it’stheinformationthatsurroundsanevent,itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.

High-contextcommunication:

itisakindofcommunicationinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson;whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage,e.g.,Chinese,Japanese

Low-contextcommunication:

it’sjusttheoppositeofhigh-contextcommunication.it’sthemassofinformationisrestedintheexplicitcode,e.g.AmericanGerman

High-contextculture:

it'sakindofcultureinwhichpeopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelike,e.g.Chinese,Japanese

Low-contextculture:

it'sakindofcultureinwhichthepopulationislesshomogeneousandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts,e.g.American,German

Activityorientation:

itisthewayacultureviewsactivity,whichisclassifiedbykluckhohnsandstrodtbeckasbeing,being-in-becoming,anddoing.

Nonverbalcommunication:

nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.

Paralanguage:

certainvocalcuesprovideduswithinformationwithwhichtomakejudgmentsaboutcharacters’personalities’,emotionalStates,andrhetoricalactivity.Paralanguageinvolvesthelinguisticelementsofspeech,thatis,howsomethingissaidandnottheactualmeaningofthespokenwords.mostclassificationsdivideparalanguageintothreekindsofvocalizations;vocalcharacterizers;vocalqualifiers;andvocalsegregates

M-time（monochromictimeschedule）:

M-timeculturestendtothinkoftimeassomethingfixedinnature,somethingaroundusandfromwhichwecannotescape;andever-presentpartoftheenvironment,justliketheairwebreathe

P-time（polychromictimeschedule）:

P-timeculturesdealwithtimeholisticallyandplacegreatstockintheactivityoccurringatthemoment.Polychronictimeculturesemphasizepeoplemorethanschedules.ForP-timecultures,timeislesstangibleandhencefeeingofwastedtimearenotasprevalentasM-timecultures.

15.Denotation：

theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword---theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.

16.Connotation：

thesuggestivemeaningofaword---allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.

19.Chronemics（时间学）：

Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.

20.Proxemics（空间学）：

referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.

21.kinesics（肢体语言）：

Thestudyofbodylanguage.

22.Paralanguage（副语言）：

Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.

23.Monochronictime一元时间观念:

meanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.

24.Polychronictime多元时间观念:

meansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce

1.Whatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage？

P8~9

Fourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage:

Convenienttransportationsystems/Innovativecommunicationsystems/Economicglobalization/Widespreadmigrations

2.Whatarethethreeaspectswhereculturaldifferencesexist?

Verbaldifference:

language,thoughtpatterns…

Non-verbalcommunication:

body-language,timeconcept,spaciouslanguage,paralanguage,environment…

Perception:

values,worldviews,beliefs,attitudes

3.Whatarethreeingredientsofculture?

文化的三个成分（threeIngredients）P5~6

Ansharedartifact（thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce）

sharedBehavior（whattheydo）

sharedConcepts（beliefs,values,worldviews……whattheythink）

4.HowtounderstandculturalIceberg?

P6~7

Likeanicebergwhatwecanseeaboutcultureisjustthetipoftheiceberg;themajorityofitisintangible,beyondsight.andthepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.

（Justasanicebergwhichhasavisiblesectionabovethewaterlineandalargerinvisiblesectionbelowthewaterline,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedandimagined.Alsolikeaniceberg,thepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.（P7））

5.Whatarethetourcharacteristicsofculture?

Dynamic/shared/learned/ethnocentric

Cultureisshared.Allcommunicationstakeplacebymeansofsymbols.

Cultureislearned.Cultureislearned,notinherited.Itderivesfromone’ssocialenvironment,notfromone’sgenes.Enculturation（文化习得）:

Alltheactivitiesoflearningone’sculturearecalledenculturation.

Cultureisdynamic.（P6）Cultureissubjecttochange.It’sdynamicratherthanstatic,constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Acculturation（文化适应）:

theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.

Cultureisethnographic（文化中心主义）.Ethnographicisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Ethnocentrism:

thebeliefthatyourownculturebackgroundissuperior.

6.Whatarethesixcharacteristicsofcommunication?

Dynamic/irreversible/symbolic/systematic/transactional/contextual

Communicationisdynamic.

Communicationisongoing,ever-changingactivity.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.

Communicationisirreversible.

Oncewehavesaidsomethingandsomeoneelsehasreceivedanddecodedthemessage,theoriginalsendercannottakeitback.

Communicationissymbolic.

Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Symbolsarevehiclebywhichthethoughtsandideasofonepersoncanbecommunicatedtoanotherperson.

Communicationissystematic

Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargesystem.Ittakesplaceinaphysicalandasocialcontext;bothestablishtherulesthatgoverntheinteraction.

Communicationistransactional.（P8）

Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversation.

Communicationiscontextual.（P8）

Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.

7.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?

（三方面）P22~24

InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname/butinEnglishthisorderisreversed.

Addressingbynames:

InChinaseniorityispaidrespectto.Juniorsaresupposedtoaddressseniorsinaproperway.Theuseofgivennamesislimitedtohusbandandwife,veryclosefriends,juniorsbyeldersorsuperiors/Nowadays,moreandmoreEnglish-speakingpeopleaddressothersbyusingthefirstname,evenwhenpeoplemeetforthefirsttime.（intimacyandequality）

Addressingbyrelationship:

Chineseoftenextendkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Thesetermsareusedafterthesurnametoshowpolitenessandrespect/TheEnglishequivalentsoftheabovekinshiptermsarenotsoused.Evenwithrelatives,Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.

Addressingbytitle,office,profession:

AnothercommonChineseformofaddressistheuseofaperson’stitle,office,professiontoindicatetheperson’sinfluentialstatus.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.（P24）Americanstendtoregardtitlesastrivialunlesstheyhaveaclearideaofwhatkindofworkapersondoesandwhathisresponsibilitiesare.

8.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyle?

TheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobe‘turningandturninginawideninggyre’.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjecti