直接引语和间接引语知识点归纳.docx
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直接引语和间接引语知识点归纳
直接引语和间接引语
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。
直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号““标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的
语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语
除外，其转换后是不定式）。
那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢
1、人称的转变
1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：
Hesaid，“Iamverysorry.”>Hesaidthathewasverysorry.
2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：
“Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,”myfathertoldme.>
MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.
3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。
如：
Shesaidtoherson,“nicheckyourhomeworktonight.”>
Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.
4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：
Heaskedme,“Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon”>
HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon.
总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。
2、时态的转换
直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：
“Iamverygladtovisityourschool”,shesaid.>
Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.
Tomsaid,“Wearelisteningtothepopmusic.”>
Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic.
Motherasked,“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV”>
MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.
Heaskedtheconductor,“WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus”>
HeaskedtheconductorwherehewouldgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus.
“Whydidsherefusetogothere”theteacherasked.>
Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere.
Motheraskedme,“HadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedTV”>
MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.
Tomsaid,“Wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.”>
Tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore.
Hesaid，“Ihaven'theardfrommyparentsthesedays.”>
Hesaidthathehadn'theardfromhisparentsthosedays.
3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况
1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如：
Healwayssays,“Iamtiredout.”>Healwayssaysthatheistiredout.
2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：
Hewillsay,“I'IItrymybesttohelpyou.”一>Hewillsaythathewilltryhisbesttohelp
me.
3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：
Hesaid,“Iwenttocollegein1994.”>Hetoldusthathewenttocollegein1994.
4）当直接引语中有以when,while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如：
Hesaid，“WhenIwasachild,Iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.”>
Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.
5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如：
Ourteachersaidtous,"Lighttravelsfasterthansound.”>
Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.
6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：
Hesaid，“Practicemakesperfect.”>Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.
7）当直接引语中有情态动词should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need时，如：
Thedoctorsaid,“You'dbetterdrinkplentyofwater.”>
ThedoctorsaidI'dbetterdrinkplentyofwater.
Hesaid,“Shemustbeateacher.”>Hesaidthatshemustbeateacher.
Hesaid,“Sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.”>
Hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen.
Theteachersaid,“Youneedn'thandinyourcompositionstoday.”>
Theteachersaidweneedn't/didn'tneedto/didn'thavetohandinourcompositions.
Sheasked,“MustItakethemedicine”>Sheaskedifshehadtotakethemedicine.
〔注〕：
此处用hadto代替must更好
Teacher:
Youmayhavetheballgamethisafternoon.
Student:
Whatdidtheteachersay,Monitor
Monitor:
Hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon.
4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化
直接引语
间接引语
指示代词
this/these
that/those
时间状语
now
then
1
today
thatday
tonight
thatnight
thisweek（month…）
thatweek（month…）
yesterday
thedaybefore
astweek（month…）
theweek（month…）before
twoweeks（month）ago
twoweeks（months）before
tomorrow
thenextday
nextweek（month…）
thenextweek（month…）
地点状语
here
there
动词
come
go
bring
take
Hesaid,“ImetMr.Smiththismorning.”他说"我今天早晨见到史密斯了。
”
Shesaid,“Iwentthereyesterday.”她说：
“昨天我去了那儿。
”
tShesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore.她说前一天她去了那儿。
Shesaid,“I'llgotheretomorrow.”她说：
“明天我将去那儿。
”
tShesaidthatshewouldgotherethenextday.她说第二天她将去那儿。
Hesaid,“Mysisterwasherethreedaysago.”他说：
“三天前我妹妹在这丿L。
”
tHesaidthathissisterhadbeentherethreedaysbefore.他说三天前他妹妹在那儿。
（heretthere;
agoTbefore）
Shesaid,“Iwillcomeherethisevening.”她说：
“今晚我将来这儿。
”
tShesaidthatshewouldgotherethatevening.她说那晚她将去那丿丿。
（come^go;heretthere;thistthat）
以上这些变化，要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定，不可机械照搬。
如果就在当地转述，here就不
必改为there,come也不必改为go,如果就在当天转述，yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。
直接引语
中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用，间接引语的一般过去时时态不变。
Fathersaid,“Iamfreethisafternoon”父亲说：
"我今天下午有空。
”
tFathersaidthathewasfreethisafternoon.父亲说他今天下午有空。
Hesaid,“Iamgoingtheretomorrow.”他说"我明天去那里。
”
tHesaidthathewasgoingtheretomorrow.他说他明天去那里。
巧记：
去掉引号加that，人称变化要灵活，时态向后退一步，状语变化按规定
5、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化
1）陈述句。
用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。
主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said,也可用told
来代替，注意，可以说saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that，不可直接说toldthat,女口：
Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.”>HesaidtousthathehadbeentotheGreatWall.
Hesaid,“nigiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.
（不可说toldthat）
等，又如:
HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.
此外主句中的谓语还常有：
repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think
Hesaid，“I'mlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.”>Heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.
如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，
以免混乱。
Thedoctorsaid,“Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.”>
Thedoctorsaid（that）IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.
2）直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词
said要改为asked（me/him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。
Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation”>
Heasked（me）whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.
Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,aren'tyou”>
HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.
3）直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whether•-or…表达，而不用ifor…，也不用either•-or….女口:
Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench”>HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench..
Iasked,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain”>Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusor
taketrain.
4）
主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）
直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词,
来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。
如：
Heasked，“What'syourname”>Heasked（m©whatmynamewas.
Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry”>
Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.
5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。
如asksb.todo,（由肯定祈使句变成）asksb.nottodo（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。
如：
Hesaid，“Beseated,please.”>Heaskedustobeseated.
“Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.”Hesaid.>Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmy
handwriting.
“Nevercomehereagain!
”saidtheofficernearby.>Theofficerorderedthevillagersnever
togothereagain.
“Don'ttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,”theteachersaid.>
Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission.
6）有些含有"建议”>、“劝告”>的祈使句，可用suggest,insist,offer等动词转述，如：
Hesaid,"Let'shavearest.”>Hesuggestedourhavingarest.
Hesaid,"Letmehelpyou.”>Heofferedtohelpme.
7）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用asksb.todosth./suggestdoing/advisesb.todosth.等形式转述。
如：
“Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor”heasked.>Heaskedmetoopenthedoor.
“Whynotgoingoutforawalk”heaskedus.>
Headvisedustogooutforawalk.或Hesuggestedwegooutforawalk.
8）直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如：
Shesaid,“Whatalovelydayitis!
”>Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或Shesaidthatit
wasalovelyday.
即学即练
1.Heaskedforthecomputer.
A.didIpayhowmuchB.Ipaidhowmuch.howmuchdidIpayD.howmuchIpaid
2.“Haveyouseenthefilm”heaskedme.Heaskedme.
A.hadIseenthefilmB.haveIseenthefilm
C.ifIhaveseenthefilmD.whetherIhadseenthefilm
3.“Pleaseclosethewindow,”hesaidtome.
tHemethewindow.
A.saidto;tocloseB.toldto;closingC.asked;tocloseD.saidto;pleaseclose
4.“Iamateacher,”Jacksaid.tHesaid.
A.thatIamateacherB.IwasateacherC.thatheisateacherD.hewasateacher
5.Hesaid,“Mother,theboyisverynaughty.”tHe-verynaughty.
A.saidhismotherthattheboywasB.saidtohismotherthattheboyis
C.toldhismotherthattheboywasD.spoketohismotherthattheboywas
6.“You'vealreadygotwell,haven'tyou”sheasked.
tSheasked.
A.ifIhavealreadygotwell,hadn'tyouB.whetherIhadalreadygotwell
C.haveIalreadygotwellD.hadIalreadygotwell.
7.Heasked,“AreyouaPartymemberoraLeaguemember”
tHeaskedme.
A.amIaPartymemberoraLeaguememberB.wasIaPartymemberoraLeaguemember
C.ifIwasaPartymemberoraLeaguememberD.whetherwasIaPartymemberoraLeaguemember.
8.Heasked,“Howareyougettingalong”tHeasked.
A.howamIgettingalongB.howareyougettingalong
C.howIwasgettingalongD.howwasIgettingalong
9.Heaskedmewithme.
A.whatthematterisB.whatthematerwasC.what'sthematterD.whatwasthematter
10.Hesaid,“Don'tdothatagain.”Hemethatagain.
A.saidtome;nottodoB.saidtome;don'tdoC.toldme;don'tdoD.toldme;nottodo
11.我告诉他我丢了钱并会找到这笔钱。
12.
她冋我第一天有没有空。
13.
我问她第二天去哪里去干什么。
14.
他爸爸告诉他不要穿着新外套去爬树。
15.
这个陌生人冋我的名子是什么。
16
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