考点41 阅读理解之说明文备战中考英语复习考点一遍过.docx
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考点41阅读理解之说明文备战中考英语复习考点一遍过
考点41阅读理解之说明文
＂英语说明文＂，顾名思义，就是一种以＂说明、解释＂为主要表达方式的英语文体。
它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。
它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。
说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。
说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。
说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。
然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。
高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。
因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。
说明文阅读理解的特征
一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who→what→when→where→how→why。
1.who：
问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？
（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）
2.what：
问的是主体做了什么事情？
（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）
3.when和where：
是在何时何地发生的？
（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）
4.how：
通过什么方式表现出来的？
5.why：
这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？
做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。
边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。
A
WelcometoLondon!
Nowletmetellyousomethingaboutthiswonderfulcity.London,thecapitaloftheUnitedKingdom,isthebiggestcityinWesternEuropewithover7millionpeople.ItsitsbytheRiverThames.Londonhasahistoryofmorethan2000years.Becauseallovertheworldarefamiliarwiththecity’sreddouble decker（双层的）busesandblacktaxis.
People
TheBritishEmpireusedtorulearoundtheworld,somanypeoplefromaroundtheworldmovedtoLondon.Theyhavebroughtwiththemtheirownlanguagesandcultures.Morethan300differentlanguagesarespokeninLondon.
Culture
Londonisknownforitsmuseums.OneimportantmuseumisBritishMuseum.Itistheoldestpublicmuseumintheworld.TherearetwomainartmuseumsinLondon:
theNationalGalleryandtheTateGallery.Besides,Londonisalsohometoarts,suchastheatreandmusic.TheGlobeTheatre,whichwaspopularinthelate16thand17thcenturies,wasopenedforperformancesofWilliamShakespeare’scentralLondon.
Touristattractions
Londonhasmanywonderfulplacestovisit.Forexample,thewell-knownClockTower,a320 foot hightower,wascalledtheBigBen.AnotherfamousLondonbuildingisBuckinghamPalace.Themembersofroyal（皇家的）familyofEnglandlivethere.Besides,HydeParkisthelargestopenareaincentralLondon.
1.What’sthepopulationofLondon?
A.Lessthan7million.B.Only7million.
C.Morethan7million.D.Nearly7million.
2.HowmanymuseumsarethereinLondonaccordingtothepassage?
A.TwoB.ThreeC.FourD.Five
3.ThemembersofroyalfamilyofEnglandlivein________.
A.theBigBenB.BuckinghamPalace
C.HydeParkD.BritishMuseum
4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentioned（提及）inthepassage?
A.TheLocationofLondon.
B.ThehistoryofLondon.
C.TheinterestingplacesinLondon.
D.ThefoodinLondon.
5.Fromthepassage,wecanknowthat________.
A.morethan300differentlanguagesarespokeninLondon
B.theGlobeTheatrehaslessthan300years’history
C.theBigBenisa320 foot highclock
D.LondonisthebiggestcityinEurope
B
Differentgestures（手势）meandifferentthingsindifferentcountries.Sometimesagesturethatispoliteinonecountryisnotpoliteinanotherandshouldnotbeused.Differentmeaningsofgesturescanalsocauseproblemsinunderstandingwhatanotherpersonistryingtosay.Agesturethatmanypeopledonotunderstandisonethatusesthethumb.Mostwesternerswillsometimesshowthattheylikesomethingbyholdingoutaclosedhandwiththethumbliftingintheair.Thisiscalledgivesomeoneorsomething＂thethumbsup＂.Often,onlyonethumbisused,soitshouldbe＂thethumbup＂.
Theusualexplanation（解释）fortheoriginofthisgestureisnotreallycorrect.ItsaysthatinancientRomantimes,whenpeoplewerepleasedwiththewayagladiator（角斗士）hadfought,theyshowedtheirthumbsup.Whentheywerenotpleased,theygavethethumbsdown.Whenagladiatorwasgiventhethumbsup,theemperorallowedhimtolive.Whenagladiatorwasgiventhethumbsdown,theemperororderedhimtobekilled.
Thetruthis,however,itwastranslatedintoawrongmeaningbymistake.Ifpeoplewantedtosavethegladiator,theyputouttheirhandsandhidtheirthumbsintheirhands.Iftheywantedthegladiatortodie,theypointedtheirthumbsstraightathim.
1.Westernerslifttheirthumbswhenthey________.
A.wantsomeonetodieB.likesomething
C.wanttogotoaplaygroundD.wantsomeonetolive
2.MostpeoplethinkthatinancientRome,＂thumbsup＂meantthat________.
A.theemperorcoulddie
B.thepeoplewantedthegladiatortolive
C.thefightingcouldcontinue
D.thepeoplewerenotpleased
3.Infact,ifpeoplewantedagladiatortolive,they________.
A.hidtheirthumbsB.pointedtheirthumbsdown
C.liftedtheirthumbsupD.pointedtheirthumbsathim
4.Fromthearticleweknowthat________.
A.differentgestureshavedifferentmeaningsindifferentcountries
B.afriendlygestureisalwaysthesameindifferentcountries
C.themeaningof＂thumbsup＂isthesamebothnowandthepast
D.weshouldoftenusethethumbs
5.Themainideaofthisarticleisabout________.
A.gesturesaroundtheworld
B.closedthumbs
C.gesturesinancientRome
D.thethumbs upgesture
（一）【2019•重庆市中考】
CinyeeChiu,anartistfromTaiwan,isalwayshappytotrysomethingnew.Heramazingworkswonlotsofprizes.Amongthem,＂24SolarTerms（节气）＂isthemostpopular.
AncientChinesedividedayearinto24partsaccordingtothechangesoftheweather.It’sthe24solarterms.Butnoteveryoneknowsthemwell.CinyeeChiuputthe24solarternsinpicturestohelppeopleunderstandthembetter.
Cinyeeturnedeachsolartermintoananimal.Buttheseanimalsarenotjustanimals.Youcanalsofindseasonalfruits,vegetablesorbeautifulflowersonthem.
Whenspringcomes,watergetswarmandfishstarttoswimaround.SoCinyeechosefishasasymbolofStartofSpring.Also,shedrewspringvegetables,Chinesechivesonthebackofthefish.
WhiteDewfallsonaboutSept.8.Itshowsthebeginningofthecoolautumn.Therearecolorfulleavesandcoolernightsatthistimeofyear.Asthetemperaturefalls,whitedew（露珠）isoftenseenonthegrassandtreesatnight.ForWhiteDew,Cinyeechosearaccoon—asmallanimalwiththickhair.Shedrewwhitespots（小圆点）ontheraccoontoshowdew.Andsheusedthedragonfruittoshowtherichcolorsinautumn.
TheyoungartistreallygavetheancientChinesecultureanewlook.
1.Thewritergave___________examplestoshowCinyee’s＂24SolarTerms＂.
A.twoB.threeC.fourD.five
2.FromParagraph5,weknowthat___________.
A.araccoonlikesfish
B.StartofSpringfallsonaboutDec.8
C.WhiteDewshowstheendoftheautumn
D.Cinyeeusedwhitespotstoshowdew
3.Accordingtothepassage,Picture___________can’tbefromCinyee’s＂24SolarTerms＂.
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.Thewritermainlywantstotalkabout___________.
A.whyCinyeemadeherselfknown
B.whodividedayearinto24parts
C.howCinyeeshowedthe24solarterms
D.whatStartofSpringandWhiteDewmean
（二）【2019•浙江省温州市】
Manyobjectsintheuniverseareinvisible,buttheysendradiowaves.Theradiotelescopethusappeared,anditisconsideredoneofthegreatestinventionsinthetwentiethcentury.Reberbuilttheworld’sfirstradiotelescopein1937.RyleandHewishdevelopedradiotelescopesystemsforthelocationofweakradiosources,andtheysharedtheNobelPrizeforPhysicsin1974.
Aradiotelescopeisusuallymadeupof:
Oneormoreantennastocollecttheradiowaves.Mostantennasaremadeintheshapeofadishtocollectandreflect,theradiowavestothesub-reflector,inthesamewayasacurvedmirrorfocusesvisiblelighttoonepoint.
Areceiverandamplifiertoreceivetheradiowavesfromthesub-reflector,andmaketheseweakradiowavesstrongenoughtoberecordedandturnedintoelectronicsignals.Tomakeanamplifiersensitiveenough,itisusuallycooledto,verylowtemperatures（e.g.aslowas-270℃）.
Arecordertokeeparecordoftheelectronicsignals.Most:
radiotelescopestodaykeepthesignalstothecomputer’smemorydiskforastronomerstoanalyzelater.
Radiowavelengthsaremuchlongerthanthoseofvisiblelight,andtheradiowavesfromdeepspacearealwaysweak.TocatchRadiowavelengthsaremuchlongerthanthoseofvisiblelight,andtheradiowavesfromdeepspacearealwaysweak.Tocatchthesewaves,radiotelescopesusuallyhavehugeantennas.Thesizesofmostantennasinusetodayarearound50to300metresindiameter.TheantennaofFASTinGuizhou,China,thelatestandlargestradiotelescopeintheworld,is500metresindiameter,aslargeasthesizeof30footballfields.
Toavoidinterferences,andkeepthetelescopessensitive,radiotelescopesarebuiltinplaceswheretherearenohumanradiowavesorelectronicsignals.Forexample,FASTis5kilometresawayfromtheclosestvillageand25kilometresawayfromthenearesttown.
Radiotelescopescreatepicturesofthesky,notinvisiblelight,butinradiowaves.Thisisextremelyuseful,becausethereareobjectsthatcan’tbeseen,objectsthatwewouldn’tevenknowwithoutradiotelescopes.
5.Radiotelescopeshelpcollect___________fromtheuniverse
A.lightB.objectsC.radiowavesD.visiblesignals
6.Mostantennasofradiotelescopesaremadeintheshapeofadishto___________.
A.maketheantennasstrongenoughB.increasethenumberofradiowaves
C.turnradiowavesintoelectronicsignalsD.focusradiowavesonthesub-reflector
7.Theunderlinedword"interferences"inthepassagerefersto___________.
A.thenoisesmadebyvillagersandanimals
B.thesoundsfromtheradiosandtelevisions
C.thepeoplewhogotoGuizhoutowatchFASTwork
D.theradiowavesandelectronicsignalsfromhumans
8.Whathavewedonewiththehelpofradiotelesco
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