Differences between Chinese and English Language英.docx

Differences between Chinese and English Language英.docx

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DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishLanguage英

DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishLanguage

Abstract

Politenessisanuniversalsphenomenainhumansociety。

Ithaspragmaticdifferencesindifferentcultures,centeringroundLeech’spolitenessprinciple,thisthesisisintendedtoexplorethepragmaticdifferencesoftheuseofpolitenesslanguageincommunication,privacy,modesty,formofaddressandsoon.Atthesametime,itwillexploretheimportanceoftheuseofpolitenesslanguagefrominterculturalcommunication.

Keywords:

politenessprinciple;pragmaticdifference;interculturalcommunication.

i

摘要

礼貌，作为人类社会一种普遍存在的现象，在任何国家都有不同的意义，在我国就非常注重这样礼貌用语。

从小就受到礼貌的大环境影响，这也是我国被称为文明古国的重要依据。

所以我重点写到中西礼貌用语的不同之处。

在不同文化中具有文化不同性。

本文将从利奇的礼貌原则角度试图探讨英汉礼貌用语在交际、隐私、谦逊与客套语及称呼等方面的语用差异及其在跨文化交际中的重要性。

关键词：

礼貌原则；语用差异；跨文化交际

ii

Contents

Abstract……………………………………………………………………i

摘要………………………………………………………………………ii

Contents……………………………………………………………………iii

Introduction………………………………………………………………1

1.PolitenessPrinciple………………………………………………………1

1.1TheFamousLinguistLeechProposethePolitenessPrinciple…………2

1.1.1TactMaxim………………………………………………………2

1.1.2GenerosityMaxim…………………………………………………2

1.1.3ApprobationMaxim………………………………………………2

1.1.4ModestyMaxim…………………………………………………3

1.1.5AgreementMaxim………………………………………………3

1.1.6SympathyMaxim…………………………………………………3

2.ThePragmaticDifferencesofPolitenessbetweenChineseandEnglishLanguage……………………………………………………………………3

2.1TheDifferenceoftheCommunicationLanguage……………………3

2.1.1DifferentGreetings……………………………………………3

2.1.2DifferentThanking……………………………………………5

2.1.3DifferentApologizing……………………………………………5

2.1.4DifferentFarewells……………………………………………6

2.2TheDifferenceofthePrivacyLanguage……………………………6

iii

2.3TheDifferenceoftheModestyandComplimentLanguage…………7

2.4TheDifferenceintheFormofAddress………………………………8

3.TheRelationbetweenCulturalDifferencesofPolitenessandInterculturalCommunication……………………………………………9

3.1TheEffectsofCulturalDifferencesonCommunication………………9

3.1.1CulturalDifferenceInfluencesGettingtheInformation…………10

3.1.2CulturalDifferenceMisleadGettingtheInformation….………10

3.1.3CulturalDifferenceBringaboutCommunicationObstacle…..…10

3.2HowtoImproveInterculturalCommunication.……….……….……11

3.2.1DevelopingCulturalAwareness….……….……….……….……11

3.2.2Interculturalcommunicationcompetence.……….……….……12

3.2.3PragmaticEmpathy………….……….……………….……….…12

Conclusion………….……….……………….……….…….……….………13

Bibliography………….……….……………….……….………….………15

Acknowledgement….……….……………….……….………….………16

iv

Introduction

Politeness,thisissocialculturalphenomenon,hasadeeprelationwiththelanguage.Onehand,politenesscontroltheuseoflanguage,andontheotherhand,languageisveryimportantmethodtoexpresspoliteness,so,thestudyofpragmaticincludethestudyofpoliteinventally.Inthepasttwentyyears,somestudiershavemadeadeeperstudyonthepolitenessphenomenaathomeandabroad.Forexample:

in1978,BrownandLevinsondeliveredathesisnamedUniversalsinlanguageusage:

politenessphenomenawhichstudiedsystemtothepolitenessand‘face’forthefirsttimeandexploredthatthepolitenessisthecommonphenomenaintheusageoflanguage.BrownandLevinsonareautholonogy.Theproblemtothepolitenessand‘face’,whichheproposed,isbasedonthephilologyandautholonogy.However,thepublicationofthistheoryraisedmanylinguists’interests,followingtheGrice’scooperationprinciple,theEnglishlinguistLeechproposedthepolitenessprinciple,whichincludedsixprinciplesandusedasthebasicrulersinourdailylife.However,thetheoriesofBrown、LevinsonandLeechaimsatexploringtheuniversalofpolitenessphenomena,butnotstudythepolitenessactualusageindifferentcultures.Infact,politenessitselfhastheculturaluniversityandobviouslythedifferenceofculture.Theculturaldifferencesbecometheobstructofcommunication.

1.PolitenessPrinciple

Politenessisaveryimportantwayofcommunication,inourdailylife,soeverybodymusthavegoodmanners,atthesametime,alsomustpayattentiontotheuseofpolitenesslanguage、politenessprinciplesandsoon.Politenessisanecessaryline,whichtiesthesuccessofhumancommunicationup.Inspeechofcommunication,becauseofthewrongspeech,thatwillgiverisetomisunderstandingeachother.Itwillbringaboutcommunicationfailures.Inordertopledgethecommunicationdevelopingsuccessfully,peopleshouldmakeuseofpolitenessprinciples.

1.1Leech’sPolitenessPrincipleinWestern

LeechwhoisafamouslinguistinEngland,proposessomepolitenessprinciple,whichisbasedonthestudyofpolitenessphenomena,FollowingexampleisGrice’scooperativeprinciple.Itisacommonmaximinhumanlanguage,peoplemustobserveit.

1.1.1TactMaxim:

Minimizecosttoother

Maximizebenefittoother

1.1.2GenerosityMaxim:

Minimizebenefittoself

Maximizecosttoself

1.1.3ApprobationMaxim:

Minimizedispraiseofother

Maximizepraiseofother

1.1.4ModestyMaxim

Minimizepraiseofself

Maximizedispraiseofself

1.1.5AgreementMaxim

Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandother

Maximizeagreementbetweenselfandother

1.1.6SympathyMaxim

Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandother

Maximizesympathybetweenselfandother

WecanseethattwokindsofpolitenessprinciplebetweenChineseandEnglishculturehavealotofresembleposition,butdifferentlanguageshavedifferentculturalbackground、judgmentstandardandmanifestationform,Asamatteroffact,politenesshasculturalcommonandculturaldifferencewhichwillimpedeinterculturalcommunication.

2.ThePragmaticDifferenceofPolitenessBetweenChineseandEnglishLanguage

2.1TheDifferencesoftheCommunicationLanguage

Thepragmaticdifferenceareobviousintheaspectofgreeting,thanking,apologizing,farewellsandsoon.

2.1.1DifferentGreeting

InspeakingEnglishcountries,whenpeoplemeetandacquaintanceeachother,theyusuallygreet,thepurposeofthegreetingistoestablishormaintainsocialcontact,nottotransferinformation.Soformulaicexpressionsareoftenused.IfChinesesometimespeakerssaythat‘你好’‘早上好’inthemomingortheysay‘你来了’‘上班去’‘下班了’andsoon.Englishspeakersheardthat,itwillgetrisetorepugnant,however,justlike:

‘whereareyougoing?

’‘haveyoueatenyet?

’theywillmakeamistake,becaustheyconsiderthatas‘inquire’not‘greet’,inEnglishphraseslikethefollowingarecommon:

——Goodmorning/afternoon/evening

——Hello!

——Howareyou?

——Howareyoudoing?

Atthesametime,theyusethegreetingof‘lovelyweather,isn’tit?

’theyconsiderthatitisagoodwayofgreeting,justthenthelistenerwillsay“yes,it’sreallyabeautifulday”,sometimes,ChinesepeopleaskthatwhyBritishPeopletalkabouttheweathersooften,perhapsthequestionshouldbereversed,whydoChinesepeopletalkabouteatingsomuch?

Infact,thereisnorealanswer,althoughtheremaybegeographicalorhistoricalfactors,whichunderlietheissue.Nowadaysthechoiceoftopicisalmostcompletelyamatterofconvention.Commentingontheweatheriscertainlyaverypopularformofgreeting,inEngland.Englishpeoplehaveaverystrongsenseofprivacyandweatherisanimpersonaltopic,whichsuitsthemwell.SoChinesegreeting‘whereareyougoing?

’isparticularlydistastefultoEnglishpeople.IfEnglishpeopleareunfamiliarwiththeChineseculture,theydonotrecognizeitasagreeting,whichtheycananswerinavagueway,sobothEnglishandChinesepeoplemayalsoorcommentonothermattersasameansofgreetingpeople.Thetwoculturesdifferinthewaypeopledothis,andsocareneedstobetakentoavoidoffenceormisunderstandings.

2.1.2DifferentThanking

Theexpression‘thankyou’isusedbothinEnglishandinChinesetoshowgratefulnessforhelporforapresent、invitationorofferandsoon.Buttheexactwayofexpressionisusedinthetwolanguagesissomewhatdifferent,inChinese,thefrequencywithwhich‘thankyou‘isusedisconnectedwiththerelationshipbetweenthespeakers,iftherelationshipisveryclose,suchasbetweenfamilymembersorclosefriends,itisnotusedsooften.Infact,theuseofitimpliessomedistance,butinEnglishthisisnotthecase,‘thankyou’isusedextremelyfrequentlyandisjustascommonbetweenclosefriendsasbetweencasualacquaintances,ifitnotuseditseemsthattheotherpersonisbeingtakenforgranted,sometimesthisdifferencebetweentwocountriesleadtomisunderstanding.

2.1.3DifferentApologizing

‘对不起’expressapologyinChina,butinEngland,poloyyhastwokindsofexpressions.Suchas‘Excuseme’and‘sorry’.‘Excuseme’isusedtoaskabouttheinformationfromstranger,cuttootherhortspeech,entreatsomebodymakingway,alsousedtomakeamistakeinmakingspeech,readingandsoon.ifyousteponsomebody’sfootcarelessness,youwillsay‘I’msorry’and‘sorry’.wecanjudgethat“对不起”maybeapplicable‘excuseme’and‘sorry’.

2.1.4DifferentFarewells

Ordinary,dailyfarewellsarebetweenChineseandAmeri-cansintwophases.Inthefirstphases,theideaisexplicitlyintroducedthatoneormoreofthepartiesshoulddepart,inthesecondphase,oneormoreofthepartiesactuallydoesdepartfromthehome、officeorotherlocation.AmongtheAmericansphaseonetendstobeplayedoutasfollows,amongtheChinese,phaseonetendstooccurinaveryshortperiodoftime.AChinesealsooffersareasonforleaving,butitisunlikelytoberelatedtotheleaver’sownpersonalsituation.amongtheChinese,phasetwoistypicallyplayedoutoveranextendedtime,andoveranextendedspace,itisnotuncommonforahosttoaccompanytheguestdown