《道德情操论》全书重点内容总结.docx

《道德情操论》全书重点内容总结.docx

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《道德情操论》全书重点内容总结

1、part1,section1,chap1,中p3,英p1

A、Sympathyisakindofispityorcompassion,theemotionwhichwefeelforthemiseryofothers,whenweeitherseeit,oraremadetoconceiveitinaverylivelymanner.weoftenderivesorrowfromthesorrowofothers,forthissentiment,likealltheotheroriginalpassionsofhumannature,nomatterwhoyouare,thevirtuousandhumane,orthegreatestruffian,,canfeelitwiththemostexquisitesensibility.

B、section1,chap1,中p17,英p17

thespectatormust,endeavourasmuchashecan,toputhimselfinthesituationoftheother,andtobringhometohimselfeverylittlecircumstanceofdistresswhichcanpossiblyoccurtothesufferer.Hemustadoptthewholecaseofhiscompanionwithallitsminutestincidents;andstrivetorenderasperfectaspossible,thatimaginarychangeofsituationuponwhichhissympathyisfounded.

Inordertoproducethecompletesympathy,asnatureteachesthespectatorstoassumethecircumstancesofthepersonprincipallyconcerned,sosheteachesthislastinsomemeasuretoassumethoseofthespectators.Astheyarecontinuallyplacingthemselvesinhissituation,andthenceconceivingemotionssimilartowhathefeels;soheisasconstantlyplacinghimselfintheirs,andthenceconceivingsomedegreeofthatcoolnessabouthisownfortune,withwhichheissensiblethattheywillviewit.

C、Iagreewiththeauthor.

2、part1,section1,chap3,中p13,英p13

A、twodifferentaspects,orintwodifferentrelations;:

first,inrelationtothecausewhichexcitesit,orthemotivewhichgivesoccasiontoit;andsecondly,inrelationtotheendwhichitproposes,ortheeffectwhichittendstoproduce.

B、Inthesuitablenessorunsuitableness,intheproportionordisproportionwhichtheaffectionseemstobeartothecauseorobjectwhichexcitesit,consiststheproprietyorimpropriety,thedecencyorungracefulnessoftheconsequentaction.

Inthebeneficialorhurtfulnatureoftheeffectswhichtheaffectionaimsat,ortendstoproduce,consiststhemeritordemeritoftheaction,thequalitiesbywhichitisentitledtoreward,orisdeservingofpunishment.

3、part1,section1,chap5,中p19,英p19

A、Uponthesetwodifferentefforts,uponthatofthespectatortoenterintothesentimentsofthepersonprincipallyconcerned,anduponthatofthepersonprincipallyconcerned,tobringdownhisemotionstowhatthespectatorcangoalongwith,arefoundedtwodifferentsetsofvirtues.Thesoft,thegentle,theamiablevirtues,thevirtuesofcandidcondescensionandindulgenthumanity,arefoundedupontheone:

thegreat,theawfulandrespectable,thevirtuesofself-denial,ofself-government,ofthatcommandofthepassionswhichsubjectsallthemovementsofournaturetowhatourowndignityandhonour,andtheproprietyofourownconductrequire,taketheiroriginfromtheother.

Andhenceitis,thattofeelmuchforothersandlittleforourselves,thattorestrainourselfish,andtoindulgeourbenevolentaffections,constitutestheperfectionofhumannature;

Virtueisexcellence,somethinguncommonlygreatandbeautiful,whichrisesfarabovewhatisvulgarandordinary.

B、Thus,togiveaverylowinstance,toeatwhenwearehungry,iscertainly,uponordinaryoccasions,perfectlyrightandproper,andcannotmissbeingapprovedofassuchbyeverybody.Nothing,however,couldbemoreabsurdthantosayitwasvirtuous.

Anotherexampleisthecriticexamineshavetwostandardswhenjudgingtheartwork,ifheexamineitbyanideaofperfection,thisworkcouldbeimperfectandfulloffaults,ifhecompareitwithcommondegree,thisonecouldbegreater.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,whyisourpropensitytosympathizewithsorrowoftenstrongerthanourinclinationtosympathizewithjoy?

Whataboutyourcomments?

Firstofall,oursympathywithsorrowis,insomesense,moreuniversalthanthatwithjoy.Thoughsorrowisexcessive,wemaystillhavesomefellow-feelingwithit.Weoftenholdaverysensibleconcernregardlessoftheweaknessandextravaganceofthepassion.However,wehavenofellow-feelingofjoyifwedon’tknowhisreason,andwemayevenshowourcontemptorindignationtowardshim.

Besides,painisamoreprudentsensationthanjoy,whethertomindorbody,sothesympathywithpainisgenerallyamorelivelyanddistinctperceptionthanoursympathywithpleasure.

Overandaboveallthis,weoftenfeelthesympathyofsorrowwhenwewishtogetridofit;weoftenmissthatwithjoywhenwewouldbegladtohaveit.Ontheonehand,weoftenstruggletosuppressorsympathywiththesorrowofothersifwearenotundertheobservationofthesufferer.However,weoftenfailedtodosowhichenablesustakemoreparticularnotice.Onthecontrary,envymakesusunlikelytobehappyforother’sjoy,whiletheshameofenvymakesustopretendtobesympathy.Butactuallywearedisqualifiedfromdoingso.

Iagreewiththeauthor’sopinion.

答案在Part11.3.1Thatthoughoursympathywithsorrowisgenerallyamorelivelysensationthanoursympathywithjoy…那一部分。

答案从原文中找到的，分三点：

第一是对悲伤的同情比对快乐的同情更普遍，我们即便无法理解悲伤也会试着同情他，可是无法理解快乐就没有理由同情他，甚至还会鄙视他的轻浮；第二是伤痛的感觉往往比快乐的更强烈；第三是我们总是试着摆脱同情悲伤，总是假装同情快乐（因为嫉妒别人又不想让自己看起来很嫉妒），导致我们反而对悲伤给予的注意力更多，对快乐给予的同情很勉强。

5.Whydoestheauthorsaythatthedispositiontoadmiretherichandpowerfulandtodespisethepoorandmeanisthemostuniversalcauseofthecorruptionofourmoralsentiments?

Wedesirebothtoberespectableandtoberespected.Peoplearelikelytorespecttwokindsofpeople：

oneiswithwisdomandvirtue,theotheriswealthyandgreat.Inequaldegreesofmeritthereisscarceanymanwhodoesnotrespectmoretherichandthegreat,thanthepoorandthehumble.Andtherichpeoplearealmostnaturallyrespected.Sopeopletendtobecomewealthyandgreat.

Duringthisprocess,ontheonehand,inthemiddlingandinferiorstationsoflife,theroadtovirtueandthattofortuneareverynearlythesame,aspeoplehavetocombinethemtogethertobesuccessful.Ontheotherhand,inthesuperiorstationsoflifepeoplewillalwaysgiveuptheroadtovirtuetosatisfytheirambition.Theywilllearntheabilitytopleaseratherthantoserve.

Itisfromourdispositiontoadmire,andconsequentlytoimitate,therichandthegreat,thattheyareenabledtoset,ortoleadwhatiscalledthefashion.Peoplewillevenadmirethevicesandfolliesoftherichandtrytoimitateitthoughtheyarenotapproveofit.Theydesiretobepraisedforwhattheythemselvesdonotthinkpraise-worthy,andareashamedofunfashionablevirtueswhichtheysometimespracticeinsecret,andforwhichtheyhavesecretlysomedegreeofrealveneration.

Therearehypocritesofwealthandgreatness,whoonlyimitatethesplendidwayoflivingratherthanperformingtheduties.Ultimately,hewillsoonbecomebeggary,andrenderhissituationstillmoreunlikethatofthosewhomheadmiresandimitates,thanithadbeenoriginally.

答案摘自1.3.3ofthecorruptionofourMoralSentiments,whichisoccasionedbythisdisposition…这段我不太确定，就是在文章里的，大家可以自己看看咱们再讨论。

这段答案大意是我们希望被尊重和值得尊重，人们喜欢尊重两种人，其中一种智慧美德，另一种财富地位高。

当美德同等的时候，人们都会更尊重有钱的，而不是尊重穷人。

有钱的人几乎天生就会被崇拜，所以人们都想变得富有。

在这个过程中，中下层的人通往财富和通往美德的路几乎是一样的，因为人们必须结合两个才能成功。

另一方面，上层人几乎都要放弃美德才能满足野心，他会学习取悦他人而不是服务他人。

因为我们喜欢崇拜和模仿富人，所以富人总会引领社会的风潮。

人们甚至会模仿富人的陋习，尽管他们可能不赞同。

他们渴望为自己并不认为值得赞赏的东西得到赞许，他们为那些并不时髦但有时却私下坚持的美德感到惭愧，为那些暗抱有几分真心敬意的美德感到内疚。

社会上还有伪君子，会模仿富人的生活奢靡，但是不履行义务。

最终，这批人可能沦为乞丐，情况比最开始还要糟糕。

6.Whichthreethingsdecidethenatureandcircumstancesofanaction?

Useexamplestoexplaintherelationshipamongthethree?

Threefactorsconstitutethewholenatureandcircumstancesoftheaction:

first,theintentionoraffectionoftheheart;secondly,theexternalactionormovementofthebody;lastly,theconsequences.Ourintentionoraffectiongivesoccasiontoouraction,andtheconsequenceproceedsfromthataction.

Generallyspeaking,peopleshouldjudgeothersbehavioraccordingtotheintentionofaffectionoftheheart,asdifferentintentionsmayleadtothesameaction,andtheconsequencedependsnotuponagentbutuponfortune.However,peoplearelikelytojudgebytheeventratherthandesignbecausetheycareabouttheconsequence.

Forinstance,asAdamSmithillustrated,hewhoshootsamanhasdifferentintentionandaffectionwithhewhoshootsabird,buttheyperformthesameaction,isdrawingthetriggerofthegun.Theman’slifedependsonthefortune.Iffortunately,themanisstillalive,theshootermightbearrestedandputintoprisonforseveralyears.Ifunfortunately,themanisdead,theshootermightbesentencedtodeath.Thejudgedependsontheconsequenceratherthantheintentionofaffectionoftheshooter.

答案在Part22.3oftheinfluenceoffortuneuponthesentimentsofmankind,withregardtomeritordemeritofactions.

行为的三个性质和情况：

内心情感和意愿；身体外部行为和动作；行为导致的好坏结果。

关系：

内心情感和意愿引发了身体的外部行为和动作，动作产生了好坏结果。

人们在判断行为时，应该依据内心的情感和意愿而非后两点。

因为意愿不同，行动可能相同，而结果更多取决于命运而非施动者。

可人们更注重结果，所以往往依据结果的好坏判断功过是非。

例子：

亚当斯密在书中写到的，一个想要开枪射杀别人的人和一个想要开枪射击鸟类的人，他们的意愿不同，但是他们行为相同，即都扣动了扳机。

这时，这个被射杀的人是死是活取决于命运。

（下面是我自己的话了）如果这个人幸运地活着，那开枪的人可能会坐牢几年；如果这个人死了，那开枪的人可能就判死刑了。

这个时候判决依据受害者的结果多于依据射杀者的意图。

7.Howdoyoudistinguishbetweenpraiseandthepraiseworthiness?

Howcouldonedeservepraiseworthiness?

Naturehasendowedeveryonethedesireofbeingapprovedofandwiththedesireofbeingwhatoughttobeapprovedof.Theyarecalledpraiseandpraise-worthiness.Thedesireforpraise-worthinessisfoundedinouradmirationoftheexcellenceofothers.Wemustatleastbelieveourselvestobeadmirableforwhattheyareadmirable.Wewilltrytobecometheimpartialspectatorsofourown,viewingourowncharacterandconduct.Wewillfeelhappyandcontentiftheyappearlikewhatwewishbecausewebelievethatwearepraise-worthy.

Pr