《道德情操论》全书重点内容总结.docx
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《道德情操论》全书重点内容总结
1、part1,section1,chap1,中p3,英p1
A、Sympathyisakindofispityorcompassion,theemotionwhichwefeelforthemiseryofothers,whenweeitherseeit,oraremadetoconceiveitinaverylivelymanner.weoftenderivesorrowfromthesorrowofothers,forthissentiment,likealltheotheroriginalpassionsofhumannature,nomatterwhoyouare,thevirtuousandhumane,orthegreatestruffian,,canfeelitwiththemostexquisitesensibility.
B、section1,chap1,中p17,英p17
thespectatormust,endeavourasmuchashecan,toputhimselfinthesituationoftheother,andtobringhometohimselfeverylittlecircumstanceofdistresswhichcanpossiblyoccurtothesufferer.Hemustadoptthewholecaseofhiscompanionwithallitsminutestincidents;andstrivetorenderasperfectaspossible,thatimaginarychangeofsituationuponwhichhissympathyisfounded.
Inordertoproducethecompletesympathy,asnatureteachesthespectatorstoassumethecircumstancesofthepersonprincipallyconcerned,sosheteachesthislastinsomemeasuretoassumethoseofthespectators.Astheyarecontinuallyplacingthemselvesinhissituation,andthenceconceivingemotionssimilartowhathefeels;soheisasconstantlyplacinghimselfintheirs,andthenceconceivingsomedegreeofthatcoolnessabouthisownfortune,withwhichheissensiblethattheywillviewit.
C、Iagreewiththeauthor.
2、part1,section1,chap3,中p13,英p13
A、twodifferentaspects,orintwodifferentrelations;:
first,inrelationtothecausewhichexcitesit,orthemotivewhichgivesoccasiontoit;andsecondly,inrelationtotheendwhichitproposes,ortheeffectwhichittendstoproduce.
B、Inthesuitablenessorunsuitableness,intheproportionordisproportionwhichtheaffectionseemstobeartothecauseorobjectwhichexcitesit,consiststheproprietyorimpropriety,thedecencyorungracefulnessoftheconsequentaction.
Inthebeneficialorhurtfulnatureoftheeffectswhichtheaffectionaimsat,ortendstoproduce,consiststhemeritordemeritoftheaction,thequalitiesbywhichitisentitledtoreward,orisdeservingofpunishment.
3、part1,section1,chap5,中p19,英p19
A、Uponthesetwodifferentefforts,uponthatofthespectatortoenterintothesentimentsofthepersonprincipallyconcerned,anduponthatofthepersonprincipallyconcerned,tobringdownhisemotionstowhatthespectatorcangoalongwith,arefoundedtwodifferentsetsofvirtues.Thesoft,thegentle,theamiablevirtues,thevirtuesofcandidcondescensionandindulgenthumanity,arefoundedupontheone:
thegreat,theawfulandrespectable,thevirtuesofself-denial,ofself-government,ofthatcommandofthepassionswhichsubjectsallthemovementsofournaturetowhatourowndignityandhonour,andtheproprietyofourownconductrequire,taketheiroriginfromtheother.
Andhenceitis,thattofeelmuchforothersandlittleforourselves,thattorestrainourselfish,andtoindulgeourbenevolentaffections,constitutestheperfectionofhumannature;
Virtueisexcellence,somethinguncommonlygreatandbeautiful,whichrisesfarabovewhatisvulgarandordinary.
B、Thus,togiveaverylowinstance,toeatwhenwearehungry,iscertainly,uponordinaryoccasions,perfectlyrightandproper,andcannotmissbeingapprovedofassuchbyeverybody.Nothing,however,couldbemoreabsurdthantosayitwasvirtuous.
Anotherexampleisthecriticexamineshavetwostandardswhenjudgingtheartwork,ifheexamineitbyanideaofperfection,thisworkcouldbeimperfectandfulloffaults,ifhecompareitwithcommondegree,thisonecouldbegreater.
4.Accordingtotheauthor,whyisourpropensitytosympathizewithsorrowoftenstrongerthanourinclinationtosympathizewithjoy?
Whataboutyourcomments?
Firstofall,oursympathywithsorrowis,insomesense,moreuniversalthanthatwithjoy.Thoughsorrowisexcessive,wemaystillhavesomefellow-feelingwithit.Weoftenholdaverysensibleconcernregardlessoftheweaknessandextravaganceofthepassion.However,wehavenofellow-feelingofjoyifwedon’tknowhisreason,andwemayevenshowourcontemptorindignationtowardshim.
Besides,painisamoreprudentsensationthanjoy,whethertomindorbody,sothesympathywithpainisgenerallyamorelivelyanddistinctperceptionthanoursympathywithpleasure.
Overandaboveallthis,weoftenfeelthesympathyofsorrowwhenwewishtogetridofit;weoftenmissthatwithjoywhenwewouldbegladtohaveit.Ontheonehand,weoftenstruggletosuppressorsympathywiththesorrowofothersifwearenotundertheobservationofthesufferer.However,weoftenfailedtodosowhichenablesustakemoreparticularnotice.Onthecontrary,envymakesusunlikelytobehappyforother’sjoy,whiletheshameofenvymakesustopretendtobesympathy.Butactuallywearedisqualifiedfromdoingso.
Iagreewiththeauthor’sopinion.
答案在Part11.3.1Thatthoughoursympathywithsorrowisgenerallyamorelivelysensationthanoursympathywithjoy…那一部分。
答案从原文中找到的,分三点:
第一是对悲伤的同情比对快乐的同情更普遍,我们即便无法理解悲伤也会试着同情他,可是无法理解快乐就没有理由同情他,甚至还会鄙视他的轻浮;第二是伤痛的感觉往往比快乐的更强烈;第三是我们总是试着摆脱同情悲伤,总是假装同情快乐(因为嫉妒别人又不想让自己看起来很嫉妒),导致我们反而对悲伤给予的注意力更多,对快乐给予的同情很勉强。
5.Whydoestheauthorsaythatthedispositiontoadmiretherichandpowerfulandtodespisethepoorandmeanisthemostuniversalcauseofthecorruptionofourmoralsentiments?
Wedesirebothtoberespectableandtoberespected.Peoplearelikelytorespecttwokindsofpeople:
oneiswithwisdomandvirtue,theotheriswealthyandgreat.Inequaldegreesofmeritthereisscarceanymanwhodoesnotrespectmoretherichandthegreat,thanthepoorandthehumble.Andtherichpeoplearealmostnaturallyrespected.Sopeopletendtobecomewealthyandgreat.
Duringthisprocess,ontheonehand,inthemiddlingandinferiorstationsoflife,theroadtovirtueandthattofortuneareverynearlythesame,aspeoplehavetocombinethemtogethertobesuccessful.Ontheotherhand,inthesuperiorstationsoflifepeoplewillalwaysgiveuptheroadtovirtuetosatisfytheirambition.Theywilllearntheabilitytopleaseratherthantoserve.
Itisfromourdispositiontoadmire,andconsequentlytoimitate,therichandthegreat,thattheyareenabledtoset,ortoleadwhatiscalledthefashion.Peoplewillevenadmirethevicesandfolliesoftherichandtrytoimitateitthoughtheyarenotapproveofit.Theydesiretobepraisedforwhattheythemselvesdonotthinkpraise-worthy,andareashamedofunfashionablevirtueswhichtheysometimespracticeinsecret,andforwhichtheyhavesecretlysomedegreeofrealveneration.
Therearehypocritesofwealthandgreatness,whoonlyimitatethesplendidwayoflivingratherthanperformingtheduties.Ultimately,hewillsoonbecomebeggary,andrenderhissituationstillmoreunlikethatofthosewhomheadmiresandimitates,thanithadbeenoriginally.
答案摘自1.3.3ofthecorruptionofourMoralSentiments,whichisoccasionedbythisdisposition…这段我不太确定,就是在文章里的,大家可以自己看看咱们再讨论。
这段答案大意是我们希望被尊重和值得尊重,人们喜欢尊重两种人,其中一种智慧美德,另一种财富地位高。
当美德同等的时候,人们都会更尊重有钱的,而不是尊重穷人。
有钱的人几乎天生就会被崇拜,所以人们都想变得富有。
在这个过程中,中下层的人通往财富和通往美德的路几乎是一样的,因为人们必须结合两个才能成功。
另一方面,上层人几乎都要放弃美德才能满足野心,他会学习取悦他人而不是服务他人。
因为我们喜欢崇拜和模仿富人,所以富人总会引领社会的风潮。
人们甚至会模仿富人的陋习,尽管他们可能不赞同。
他们渴望为自己并不认为值得赞赏的东西得到赞许,他们为那些并不时髦但有时却私下坚持的美德感到惭愧,为那些暗抱有几分真心敬意的美德感到内疚。
社会上还有伪君子,会模仿富人的生活奢靡,但是不履行义务。
最终,这批人可能沦为乞丐,情况比最开始还要糟糕。
6.Whichthreethingsdecidethenatureandcircumstancesofanaction?
Useexamplestoexplaintherelationshipamongthethree?
Threefactorsconstitutethewholenatureandcircumstancesoftheaction:
first,theintentionoraffectionoftheheart;secondly,theexternalactionormovementofthebody;lastly,theconsequences.Ourintentionoraffectiongivesoccasiontoouraction,andtheconsequenceproceedsfromthataction.
Generallyspeaking,peopleshouldjudgeothersbehavioraccordingtotheintentionofaffectionoftheheart,asdifferentintentionsmayleadtothesameaction,andtheconsequencedependsnotuponagentbutuponfortune.However,peoplearelikelytojudgebytheeventratherthandesignbecausetheycareabouttheconsequence.
Forinstance,asAdamSmithillustrated,hewhoshootsamanhasdifferentintentionandaffectionwithhewhoshootsabird,buttheyperformthesameaction,isdrawingthetriggerofthegun.Theman’slifedependsonthefortune.Iffortunately,themanisstillalive,theshootermightbearrestedandputintoprisonforseveralyears.Ifunfortunately,themanisdead,theshootermightbesentencedtodeath.Thejudgedependsontheconsequenceratherthantheintentionofaffectionoftheshooter.
答案在Part22.3oftheinfluenceoffortuneuponthesentimentsofmankind,withregardtomeritordemeritofactions.
行为的三个性质和情况:
内心情感和意愿;身体外部行为和动作;行为导致的好坏结果。
关系:
内心情感和意愿引发了身体的外部行为和动作,动作产生了好坏结果。
人们在判断行为时,应该依据内心的情感和意愿而非后两点。
因为意愿不同,行动可能相同,而结果更多取决于命运而非施动者。
可人们更注重结果,所以往往依据结果的好坏判断功过是非。
例子:
亚当斯密在书中写到的,一个想要开枪射杀别人的人和一个想要开枪射击鸟类的人,他们的意愿不同,但是他们行为相同,即都扣动了扳机。
这时,这个被射杀的人是死是活取决于命运。
(下面是我自己的话了)如果这个人幸运地活着,那开枪的人可能会坐牢几年;如果这个人死了,那开枪的人可能就判死刑了。
这个时候判决依据受害者的结果多于依据射杀者的意图。
7.Howdoyoudistinguishbetweenpraiseandthepraiseworthiness?
Howcouldonedeservepraiseworthiness?
Naturehasendowedeveryonethedesireofbeingapprovedofandwiththedesireofbeingwhatoughttobeapprovedof.Theyarecalledpraiseandpraise-worthiness.Thedesireforpraise-worthinessisfoundedinouradmirationoftheexcellenceofothers.Wemustatleastbelieveourselvestobeadmirableforwhattheyareadmirable.Wewilltrytobecometheimpartialspectatorsofourown,viewingourowncharacterandconduct.Wewillfeelhappyandcontentiftheyappearlikewhatwewishbecausewebelievethatwearepraise-worthy.
Pr