河南专升本语法与阅读讲义2很全.docx
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河南专升本语法与阅读讲义2很全
2011河南专升本语法与阅读讲义
（2）（很全）
八 一致原则
主谓一致
1.1学科名称，疾病名称+单数谓语
Electronics，mechanics，classics，linguistics，economics，physics，mathematics
Measles（麻疹），mumps（流行性腮腺炎），arthritis（关节炎），
appendicitis（盲肠炎）
1.2专有名词+单数谓语
New York Times，the United States of America
the United Nations，The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
1.3时间，距离，价值，量度的复数名词+单数谓语
Three hours is not enough.
Ten miles is too long.
One hundred dollars is too much.
1.4主语+附件成分
附加成分为with; along with；together with；besides；as well as；in addition to；accompanied by；rather than；but，此时谓语和前面的主语保持一致。
1.5 and连接两个名词做主语时，谓语用复数，除以下情况
War and peace （Love and hate） is a constant theme in literature．
战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。
War and peace是一对概念，看作一个主题。
1.6 连词or，either...or...，neither...nor...,not only...but also...连接两个名词时，谓语与邻近的名词一致
Not only he but also I am interested in the lecture．
1.7由neither, either修饰名词作主语，动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语
1.8集体名词作主语时，如指概念，谓语用单数；如指其具体成员，
谓语用复数
The population in the poor region is increasing very fast．
One fourth of the population here are farmers．
1.9 many a+单数名词．后接单数谓语
Many a student has made such a mistake.
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2.时态一致
讲过去的事情，那么这个过去的事情中出现的时态就是过去时态，除非作者发表评论可以用现在时态。
在宾语从句中，如果主语是过去时，那么从句中也是过去的某种时态
He said that he would come today （the next day）．
3．肯定与否定一致
主要指用so或者neither来附议前面的人。
My husband is keen on football and so am I.
He doesn't like pop music and neither do I.
I like it too．
I don't like it either．
（rarely, seldom，never, hardly, scarcely, little）
I rarely go to a film．Neither does my wife．
4.代词一致
主要是后面的所有格或宾格与前面的代词一致。
We students must spend most of their time studying．
5．平行结构
平行结构主要指结构上的一致。
比如都做宾语，不能一会是不定式，一会是动名词；必须要么全是不定式，要么全是动名词．
当用and，but，both….and，neither...nor…, either…or…，not only…but also….., than等并列连词时，其连接的成分是平行结构。
语法结构和作用应相同。
He is a lawyer, a politician and he teaches.
He is young, handsome and many people like him.
He likes to fish, swim and surfing.
He is criticized for his carelessness and being rude.
例题:
1.The captain, as well as the coaches, ___ impressed by the excellent performance of the team.
A） wasB） hadC） wereD） be
2.The disabled ______ taught trades in special schools.
A） isB） areC） hadD） has
3.A number of foreign tourists __ going to visit the village tomorrow.
A） areB） isC） beD） was
4.The number of automobiles _____ to be limited lest the traffic become too crowded.
A） isB） areC） haveD） be
5.Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else ______ the truth of the murder.
A） knowB） knowsC） is knowingD） are knowing
6."I can hardly stand the air pollution in this city. " "________"
A） So do I.B） Neither do I.
C） So can I.D） Neither can I.
7. "Do you want to have tea or coffee?
" "Oh,______ ."
A） either does wellB） each is good
C） each will be fineD） either will do
8.He is one of the tennis players in China who ___ this championship.
A） have wonB） has won
C） is winningD） was winning
9.He is the only one of the tennis players in China who _______this championship.
A） have wonB） has won
C） is winningD） was winning
10.Many a student and teacher ______ making every effort to prepare
for the coming test.
A） wereB） areC） isD） has
11.One hundred dollars ______ a big sum of money for a boy of ten.
A） seemsB） seemC） viewsD） view
12.A series of stamps in memory of the revolutionary martyrs _____ be released soon.
A） are going toB） is going to
C） will going toD） will to
13.My family ________ lived in this house ever since I was born.
A） hasB） haveC） isD） are
14.One or perhaps more books ______ missing.
A） isB） areC） hasD） have
15.What we have seen and heard _______ consistent to the report.
A） areB） isC） hasD） have
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九 倒装结构
一、副词提前+谓语+主语
Here comes the bus．
There on the roof of the house stood a cock..
二、否定的状语放句首要倒装
never, rarely, seldom, little，hardly, not only…but also，not until，no sooner…than，scarcely…when，on no account，by no means，in no case， under no circumstances，at no time，nowhere
Not until midnight did they finally come back home．
Under no circumstances will they cancel the football match．
No sooner （Scarcely） had the bell rung than （when） the arrived at the classroom．
三、only强调状语放句首
Only then did they realize what a terrible thing had happened．
Only by luck did they escape the earthquake.
四.虚拟语气中省略if则从句倒装
Had I known what was going to happen, I would never have done such a thing.
本来为：
If I had known what...
Should it snow, we would go skiing.
本来为:
If it should snow
五.句首为 so, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point, 表示 “如此…”的状语，后面主谓倒装.
So funny did he look that everyone stared at film.
To such an extent were people excited that they celebrated throughout the night the success of Beijing's
bid for hosting the 2008's Olympic Games.
例题：
1._______ stress the importance of the test again.
A） Little need IB） Little I need
C） Little did I needD） Little need I to
2._____ the trouble started.
A） Hardly had he left than
B） No sooner had he left when
C） Scarcely had he left when
D） No longer had he left than
3.They searched for hours, but _____ be found.
A） at no time could the missing child
B） nowhere could the missing child
C） nowhere the missing child could
D） in no case could the missing child
4.So badly did he write the letter______.
A） when I couldn't read itB） as I couldn't read it
C） so I couldn't read it D） that I couldn't read it
5.Not only ______ what to do, but he also lent me the money.
A） he advised meB） did he advise me
C） does he advise meD） he advises me
6.Only by shouting at the top of his voice______.
A） was he able to make himself hear
B） he was able to make himself hear
C） he was able to make himself heard
D） was he able to make himself heard
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十 虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气的基本构成
虚拟语气在英文里表达：
a.假设的事实就是反事实
b.一种不可实现的愿望，也就是异想天开。
c.强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
虚拟语气表现在动词上的基本形式：
1.对过去事情的虚拟
从句谓语主要形式：
had+过去分词
主句谓语主要形式：
would，could，might+现在完成时
If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school，I would have got my PhD degree．
2.对现在情况的虚拟
从句谓语主要形式：
一般过去时
主句谓语主要形式：
would, could，might+动词原形
If I were Bill Gates，I would not works so hard every day．
3.对将来情况的可能性的虚拟
从句谓语主要形式：
should（were to）+动词原形
主句谓语主要形式：
would, could，might+动词原形
If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing．
二、虚拟语气的考点
1.I wish表达我但愿，我要是多好
if only…后面可以不加主句
If only I were you．
would rather…宁可，但愿．
I would rather that you painted the room green．
would as soon…用法与would rather相同。
2.It's（about／high）time that…，从句一般用一般过去时
It's time you went to bed．
It's high time that we took action．
3.as if／as though表示“似乎、好象”
它有可能是真实的，也可能虚拟的，根据上下文来决定。
It looks as if it is going to rain．
看起来要下雨。
（真实情况）
He talks as if he were the boss．
他说起话来就象他是老板。
（他实际上不是老板，虚拟）
4.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等十that+（should）十动词原形
advise （advice），agree（agreement），decide（decision），decree，demand，determine（determination），grant，indicate（indication），insist（insistence），order, prefer（preference）, propose（proposal）, request, require（requirement），resolve（resolution），stipulate（stipulation），urge，vote, allow, arrange，ask，beg，concede，demonstrate，ensure，intend，move，pledge，pray
5.It is／was+形容词+that+（should）+V原形
这些形容词表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性。
advisable，anxious，appropriate，compulsory, crucial，desirable，eager, essential，fitting，imperative，impossible，improper, natural，necessary, obligatory, preferable，proper, urgent，vital，willing
注意：
表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如amazing，strange，odd, ridiculous，surprising，unthinkable等后的that从句中一般should不省略.
例题：
1.We demanded that we ______ of any change in the plan.
A） informedB） would be informed
C） be informedD） had been informed
2.It's necessary that he _______ a recognized qualification.
A） hasB） haveC） hadD） having
3.It's high time we ________ our attention to this problem.
A） turnedB） turnC） had turnedD） would turn
4.If only you _____ him what I said!
Everything would have been all right.
A） didn't toldB） hadn't told
C） would not tellD） would have not told
5.He must have had an accident, or he _____ here then.
A） would have beenB） had been
C） should have beenD） could be
6.Much labour would have been saved if the electronic computers _____ before.
A） had inventedB） were invented
B） should have been inventedD） had been invented
7._____ cease advertising, prices would be significantly reduced.
A） Were they toB） Could they
C） If theyD） Would they
8.Five minutes earlier, and we ________ the last bus.
A） had caughtB） should have caught
C） could have caughtD） caught
9.You ______ the clothes!
We have a washerwoman to do that sort of thing.
A） shouldn't have washedB） mustn't have washed
C） can not have washedD） needn't have washed
10.Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ______a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.
A） has to getB） were to get
C） had gotD） could have got
11.The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ____________ himself.
A） injureB） had injured
C） injuredD） would injure
12.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.
A） were not playedB） not to play
C） not be playedD） did not play
13.You don't have to be in such a hurry. 1 would rather you _______ on business first. （98-1-59）
A） would goB） will goC） wentD） have gone
14.It is important that enough money _______ to fund the project.
A） be collectedB） must be collected
C） was collectedD） can be collected
15.If only the committee _______ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
A） approveB） will approve
C） can approveD） would approve
16.I don't think it advisable that Tom ______ to the job since he has no experience.
A） is assignedB） will be assigned
C） be assignedD） has been assigned
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