山东大学考博英语部分试题.docx

山东大学考博英语部分试题.docx

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山东大学考博英语部分试题

完形填空划线的是选项

Howmanydifferentkindsofemotionsdoyoufeel?

Youmaybe

（1）tofindthatitisveryhardtospecifyallofthem.Notonly

（2）hardtodescribeinwords,theyaredifficultto（3）.Asaresult,twopeoplerarely（4）allofthem.However,thereareanumberof（5）emotionsthatmostpeopleexperience.

Whenwereceivesomethingthatwewant,orsomethinghappens（6）welike,weusuallyfeeljoyorhappiness.Joyisapositiveandpowerfulemotion,（7）forwhichweallstrive.Itisnaturaltowanttobehappy,andallofus（8）happiness.Asageneral（9）,joyoccurswhenwereacha（10）goalorobtainadesiredobject.

（11）peopleoftendesiredifferentgoalsandobjects,itis（12）thatonepersonmayfindjoyinrepairinganautomobile,（13）anothermayfindjoyinsolvingamathproblem.Ofcourse,weoftenshare（14）goalsorinterests,andthereforewecanexperiencejoytogether.Thismaybeinsports,inthearts,inlearning,inraisingafamily,orin（15）beingtogether.

Whenwehavedifficulty（16）desiredobjectsorreachingdesiredgoalsweexperience（17）emotionssuchasangerandgrief.Whenlittlethingsgetinourway,weexperience（18）frustrationsortensions.Forexample,ifyouaredressingtogoout（19）adate,youmayfeelfrustrationwhenazipperbreaksorabuttonfallsoff.Themoredifficultyyouhaveisreachingagoal,themorefrustratedyoumayfeelandthemoreangryyoumaybecome.Ifyoureallywantsomethingtohappen,andyoufeelit（20）happen,butsomeoneorsomethingstopsit,youmaybecomequiteangry.

1.A.shockedB.astoundedC.surprisedD.bewildered

2.A.emotionalfeelingsareB.areemotionalfeelings

C.theemotionalfeelingisD.istheemotionalfeeling

3.A.listB.recognizeC.arrangeD.understand

4.A.agreeB.agreeonC.agreewithD.agreeto

5.A.necessaryB.vitalC.essentialD.basic

6.A.ifB.whatC.thatD.when

7.A.oneB.theoneC.veryoneD.onlyone

8.A.searchtoB.searchofC.searchD.searchfor

9.A.practiceB.ruleC.lawD.sense

10.A.desiredB.desirousC.prospectiveD.fascinated

11.A.ForB.WhenC.SinceD.Being

12.A.understandingB.tounderstandC.understoodD.understandable

13.A.howeverB.ifC.whileD.eventhough

14.A.sameB.commonC.similarD.different

15.A.justB.onlyC.rightD.even

16.A.ofobtainingB.inobtainingC.withobtainingD.forobtaining

17.A.badB.unpleasantC.uneasyD.negative

18.A.smallB.littleC.insignificantD.minor

19A.onB.inC.forD.to

20.A.willB.shallC.shouldD.would

阅读理解

1.

　Feministsociolinguists（社会语言学家）,overthecourseofthelastfewdecades,haveconductedstudiesthattheybelievesupporttheconclusionthatwomenareroutinelydiscriminatedagainstinEndlish-speakingsociety.Theypointtothewordsusedtodescribewomen,aswellasthewordsusedtodescribesocietyasawhole,asindicationsthattheEnglishlanguage,andthereforetheEnglish-speakingculture,isslantedtowardstheadvantageofmales.

　　ThewordsusedtodescribewomenareusedasinstrumentbyfeministsociolinguiststodenoteaninherentsexismintheEnglishlanguage.Wordpairssuchasmasterandmistressandsirandmadam,theyclaim,epitomizesuchsexism.Allofthewordsinquestiononceheldpositiveconnotationsbut,whilethemasculine（男性的）formshaveretainedtheirrespectableassociations,thefeminineformshaveundergonepejorationandnowimplysexualpromiscuity（混杂）andothernegativecharacteristics.FeministresearchersassumethatsuchpejorationindicatethatthestatusofwomeninEnglish-speakingsocietyisrelativelylow.

　　Theseresearchersalsofindfaultwiththeuseofmasculinewordstodescribeunisexentities.Forexample,theyfeelthatthereisnothinginherentlymainlyaboutmankind,thebestmanforthejob,orthecommonman.Similarly,theuseofsuchconstructionsasthe“theaveragestudentsisworriedabouthisgrades”indicatetotheseresearchersaninherentsexisminEnglishthatisreflectiveoftheculturesinwhichtheyareproduced.

　　CarolynJacobson,authorofNon-sexistLanguagehasproposedasolutiontothisconundrum（难题）.Sheadvocatestheeliminationofallsexedwordsinfavorofgender-neutralterms.Nolongershouldwerefertoactorsandactressesorwaitersandwaitresses,assuchdichotomies（男女有别）allowforthepossibilityofnegativeconnotationsbeingassociatedwiththefemininedesignation.Likewise,shebelievesthatphrasessuchasmankindshouldgivewaytohumankindandthattheuseofthemasculinepronounasthedefaultshouldbeabandonedinfavorofneutralconstructions.Thus,whensexismiseliminatedfromtheEnglishlanguage,theculturewillbemoreamenabletohedeliveranceofwomenaswell.

　　1.Theprimarypurposeofthispassageisto——

　　Acompareandcontrastideologyinvariouscultures

　　Bproveacommonlyheldbelieftobewrong

　　Cdescribeaproblemandapossiblesolution

　　Danalyzethehistoricaloriginsofamodernsituation

　　2Accordingtothepassage,gender-neutralconstructionsshouldbeadvocatedbecause——

　　AtheeliminationofsexismintheEnglishlanguagewillprecedetheeliminationofsexismintheculture

　　Btheyaremoregrammaticallysoundthansexedstructures

　　Cunisextermsarelessawkwardincasualspeech

　　Dsex-specifictermsalwayscarrynegativeconnotations

　　3Theauthorreferstomankind,thebestmanforthejob,andthecommonmaninorderto——

　　AdemonstratethesuperiorityofmalesinEnglish-speakingsociety

　　Bprovideanexampleofspeechthatisslantedtowardstheadvantageofmales

　　Clistthecharacteristicsofthefeministsocialinguistmovement

　　DdiscountthenotionthattheEnglishlanguagediscriminatesagainstwomen

　　4Theword“perjoration”mostprobablymeans——

　　Anegativeconnotation

　　Bpositiveconnotation

　　Csexualcharacteristic

　　Drespectablecharacteristic

　　5Infavorofgender-neutralterms,whichofthefollowingwordscanbeusedtodescribeunisexentities?

　　AmankindBchairperson

　　CsupermanDdragonlady

　　1.C主旨题。

文章第一、二、三段描述问题，第四段提供解决方案。

　　2.A推论题。

文章第一段、三段最后一句分别指明了语言文化的联系。

　　3.B细节理解题。

题目中所举的例子为“anexampleofspeech”。

　　4.A猜测词义题。

根据该词的下文“…andnowimplysexualpromiscuityandothernegativecharacteristics”可以做出判断。

　　5.B词义判断题。

该词可不分性别地使用，而其他三词都有明确的性别指向。

2.

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstronghappenedtothelargeanimals;theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived;thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction. 

Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingover-fishedhasbeenknownforyearsandresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownhowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass（theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter）offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.

AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators（animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals）inanesfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen. 

Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative（保守的）.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincebaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnoise. 

Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatesupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness. 

【小题1】Theaimoftheextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsistosuggestthat_______.

A．largeanimalwerenoteasytosurviveinthechangingenvironment

B．smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared

C．largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.

D．Slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones

【小题2】WecaninferfromDrMyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat_______.

A．thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%

B．thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesaretherewere15yearsago

C．thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount

D．thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold

【小题3】Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative（line1,paragraph3）,Drwormmeansthat_______.

A．fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly

B．thencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthenrecorded

C．themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss

D．thedatecollectedsofarareoutofdate.

【小题4】DrMyersandotherresearc