山东大学考博英语部分试题.docx

1、山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空划线的是选项How many different kinds of emotions do you feel? You may be (1) to find that it is very hard to specify all of them. Not only (2) hard to describe in words, they are difficult to (3). As a result, two people rarely (4) all of them. However, there are a number of (5) emotions t

2、hat most people experience.When we receive something that we want, or something happens (6) we like, we usually feel joy or happiness. Joy is a positive and powerful emotion, (7) for which we all strive. It is natural to want to be happy, and all of us (8) happiness. As a general (9), joy occurs whe

3、n we reach a (10) goal or obtain a desired object.(11) people often desire different goals and objects, it is (12) that one person may find joy in repairing an automobile, (13) another may find joy in solving a math problem. Of course, we often share (14) goals or interests, and therefore we can exp

4、erience joy together. This may be in sports, in the arts, in learning, in raising a family, or in (15) being together.When we have difficulty (16) desired objects or reaching desired goals we experience (17) emotions such as anger and grief. When little things get in our way, we experience (18) frus

5、trations or tensions. For example, if you are dressing to go out (19) a date, you may feel frustration when a zipper breaks or a button falls off. The more difficulty you have is reaching a goal, the more frustrated you may feel and the more angry you may become. If you really want something to happ

6、en, and you feel it (20) happen, but someone or something stops it, you may become quite angry.1. A. shocked B. astounded C. surprised D. bewildered2. A. emotional feelings are B. are emotional feelingsC. the emotional feeling is D. is the emotional feeling3. A. list B. recognize C. arrange D. under

7、stand4. A. agree B. agree on C. agree with D. agree to5. A. necessary B. vital C. essential D. basic6. A. if B. what C. that D. when7. A. one B. the one C. very one D. only one8. A. search to B. search of C. search D. search for9. A. practice B. rule C. law D. sense10. A. desired B. desirous C. pros

8、pective D. fascinated11. A. For B. When C. Since D. Being12. A. understanding B. to understand C. understood D. understandable13. A. however B. if C. while D. even though14. A. same B. common C. similar D. different15. A. just B. only C. right D. even16. A. of obtaining B. in obtaining C. with obtai

9、ning D. for obtaining17. A. bad B. unpleasant C. uneasy D. negative18. A. small B. little C. insignificant D. minor19 A. on B. in C. for D. to20. A. will B. shall C. should D. would阅读理解1.Feminist sociolinguists(社会语言学家),over the course of the last few decades,have conducted studies that they believe

10、support the conclusion that women are routinely discriminated against in Endlish-speaking society.They point to the words used to describe women,as well as the words used to describe society as a whole,as indications that the English language ,and therefore the English-speaking culture,is slanted to

11、wards the advantage of males.The words used to describe women are used as instrument by feminist sociolinguists to denote an inherent sexism in the English language.Word pairs such as master and mistress and sir and madam,they claim ,epitomize such sexism.All of the words in question once held posit

12、ive connotations but,while the masculine (男性的)forms have retained their respectable associations,the feminine forms have undergone pejoration and now imply sexual promiscuity(混杂) and other negative characteristics.Feminist researchers assume that such pejoration indicate that the status of women in

13、English-speaking society is relatively low.These researchers also find fault with the use of masculine words to describe unisex entities .For example ,they feel that there is nothing inherently mainly about mankind, the best man for the job,or the common man.Similarly,the use of such constructions a

14、s the “the average students is worried about his grades” indicate to these researchers an inherent sexism in English that is reflective of the cultures in which they are produced .Carolyn Jacobson ,author of Non-sexist Language has proposed a solution to this conundrum(难题).She advocates the eliminat

15、ion of all sexed words in favor of gender-neutral terms.No longer should we refer to actors and actresses or waiters and waitresses, as such dichotomies(男女有别) allow for the possibility of negative connotations being associated with the feminine designation.Likewise,she believes that phrases such as

16、mankind should give way to human kind and that the use of the masculine pronoun as the default should be abandoned in favor of neutral constructions.Thus, when sexism is eliminated from the English language ,the culture will be more amenable to he deliverance of women as well .1. The primary purpose

17、 of this passage is toA compare and contrast ideology in various culturesB prove a commonly held belief to be wrongC describe a problem and a possible solutionD analyze the historical origins of a modern situation2 According to the passage,gender-neutral constructions should be advocated becauseA th

18、e elimination of sexism in the English language will precede the elimination of sexism in the cultureB they are more grammatically sound than sexed structuresC unisex terms are less awkward in casual speechD sex-specific terms always carry negative connotations3 The author refers to mankind ,the bes

19、t man for the job,and the common man in order to A demonstrate the superiority of males in English-speaking societyB provide an example of speech that is slanted towards the advantage of malesC list the characteristics of the feminist socialinguist movementD discount the notion that the English lang

20、uage discriminates against women4 The word“perjoration” most probably meansA negative connotationB positive connotationC sexual characteristicD respectable characteristic5 In favor of gender-neutral terms,which of the following words can be used to describe unisex entities?A mankind B chairpersonC s

21、uperman D dragon lady1. C主旨题。文章第一、二、三段描述问题，第四段提供解决方案。2. A推论题。文章第一段、三段最后一句分别指明了语言文化的联系。3. B 细节理解题。题目中所举的例子为“an example of speech”。4. A猜测词义题。根据该词的下文“ and now imply sexual promiscuity and other negative characteristics”可以做出判断。5. B词义判断题。该词可不分性别地使用，而其他三词都有明确的性别指向。2.When prehistoric man arrived in new par

22、ts of the world, something strong happened to the large animals; they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived; the large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being over-fished h

23、as been known for years and researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fis

24、h species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) inanes fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploita

25、tion. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative (保守的). One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Todays vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That mea

26、ns a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have b

27、een caught, since baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks

28、 around noise.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the mas

29、sive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its orig

30、inal levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.【小题1】The aim of the extinction of large prehistoric animals is to suggest that _.Alarge animal were not easy to survive in the changing environmentBsmall species survived as large animals disappearedClarge sea animals

31、 may face the same threat today.DSlow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones【小题2】We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr. Worms paper that _.Athe stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%Bthere are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years agoCthe catch sizes in new fishe

32、ries are only 20% of the original amountDthe number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old【小题3】By saying these figures are conservative (line 1, paragraph 3), Dr worm means that_.Afishing technology has improved rapidlyBthen catch-sizes are actually smaller then recordedCthe marine biomass has suffered a greater lossDthe date collected so far are out of date.【小题4】Dr Myers and other researc