Notes on Peter Hartmann.docx

Notes on Peter Hartmann.docx

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NotesonPeterHartmann

PeterHartmann1

http:

//www.revista.discurso.org/beaugrande/12-Hartmann.htm

PeterHartmannhasbeenhighlyinfluentialinthereestablishmentoflinguisticsinGermanyafterWWII.Heisthemostbalancedtheorist.Headvocatesanencompassingtheorysayinghighertheoreticalinsightcanbestbeachievediftheframeworkiswideenough;HisbookTheoryofLanguageScience（1963a）belongstometa-science.

Linguistmustrecognizehispursuitisjustonepossiblemode.Itsscientificqualitydependsondiscoveringthespecialnessofitsobjectanditsexplicitnesswithunavoidablesubjectiveelements.Theorymustberelatedtothecontextandsituationfromwhichtheysprang.Sciencemusthaveapurpose,andknowledgemustbeintersubjectivelyusable.Sothepracticecanbeaccessibletoeverybody.Itachievesallthatcanbeknownandstriveforatotality.

Suchatheorycanassistallresearchdirections.Wedon’tknowhowmuchislanguageproper.Itisadvisabletocoverallpossiblebreadth.Boundtodatayetabsorbedinformsandstructures,linguisticsneedsatheorynotsubordinatedtoaphilosophicalorpsychologicalsystem.

Thedifficultyforalinguistictheory:

First,aplausiblescienceoflanguagegainsitsgeneralvaliditybyde-theorizingitsobject,i.e,bydispensingwithallcategorieswhicharenotrelevanttotheobject.Second,everyresearchertendstofollowalatentposition.Wecanconductresearchfreeoftheorybymakingstatementsthatsaynothingbeyondthefacts.Afurtherobstacleliesinlanguagebeingsuchafamiliarandcentralphenomenonthatitishardtoevennoticeallitsbasicfeaturesandtheirsignificance.Whatarediscoverableinlanguageareopentogeneralexplanation,andthushaveanexemplaryvalueforsemioticproceduresingeneral.

Alllanguagestudiesbeginwithsign.Thesignarisesfromtheintenttomean.Thesignvehicleistheperceptibleboundtotheintelligiblemanifestationinafunctiverelation.Thoughvocallanguageisthemostimportantareaofsignuse,thebroadersenseincludeseverykindofsignincommunication.Thenarrowersenseincludesonlythelinguisticsign.Thesignifiedcanbeafurthersignforanother.Asignhasvariouslayers.However,signswithmorethantwolayersareleftoutsidelinguistics

Fourentitie:

soundandphoneme,meaningandreferent.

Scienceandlanguagebothdependonsymbolstorenderknowledgeaccessible,andonproceduresfordiscussing,makingstatements.Scienceisalanguagecommunicableinterminology,validabovethethingsitclassifies,andoperatingwithunitsattainedbyanalysis.Languagesciencerunsonmultipletracks,combinesstandpointsandresults,andadoptsageneraloutlook,wherebyitbecomessuperiortoscienceswhoseobjectdomainhasonlyonesortofmanifestation.Scienceistolanguagewhatgrammartolanguage;languagescienceisthelangueofthelinguisticparole.

Yetinlanguage,weusearelativelyunconsciousknowledge,vagueandvariable,andnotconstructedonscientificprinciples,Sciencecharacterizeswithexplicitterminology.Languagescienceisabitofnon-scientific.Languageisapre-scienceofeverythinghumansencounter.Byvirtueofitsmulti-levelobject,languagescienceisabletoregisterformsofmentalprocedure.

Ancientresearchescanbeuseful,sincethesameissuesstillformthebackgroundforlinguistics.Onemajorsourceistheancientconcernforlanguageinphilosophy,dealingwithknowledgeingeneral.Here,languageistreatedasameans.Thestatementsofphilosophyattainedviainductivelinguisticsmaybeusableformoregeneralstatements,e.g.forfoundingageneralgrammar.

Theattempttounderstandmeaningledphilosopherstocontemplatetheoriginsoflanguage.ThatgaveimpetustotheRomanticistsearchforknowledgeaboutprimordialtimes,followingaphilosophicalorientation.Herder（1772）envisionedasignalwhichtheintellectbindstoajudgmentofanobjectandtherebymakesintoasign.Humboldt（1836）believedlanguagewasindispensableforthesubjectivesynthesiswherebyaconceptisformed.Thesoundoflanguagemakestheinternalactivityexternalandperceptible.So,languageistheformativeorganofthought.Humboldtseparatedtechnicalformsfromtheinnersemanticformswhichestablishmeaningfulconnectionstotheworld.Hence,scholarsusedlanguageformstoinfertheworldviewofthepeople.SuchspeculationsinfluencedSapir’sbeliefinthediagnosticvalueoflinguisticforms.Innerformrevealsitselfinrecreatingtheworldasthepropertyoftheintellect.Languageishenceaforceinculturaleventsandhistoricallife,justasrealasreality.Worldincludestheouterworld,theinnerworldofcogitation,andtheintermediateworldwhereamentalimagearisesfromnaturalconditionsandtheworkoftheintellect.Humanbeingisalwayscontainedinthesenseofsigns:

thesignunitesdenotationwithconnotation,reasonwithfeeling,andthingswithhumanbeing.Contentarenotjustmeanings,butalsotheeffectsoflanguage.Certainculturalformscanbeseenastracesofthepoweroflanguage.

Traditionalgrammars:

ItcanbetracedinLatingrammarandeffectsonthemiddleAges.Itsconceptwasoriginallybroadinphilosophy,suchasthestoics;therhetoric.Noconscioususeoflanguagewithoutconsciousgrammar.Drawbacks:

lackingpurity,usefulness,orientedtowardLatin.

Themessince18c:

（1）achanging,organicmanifestation（FriedrichSchlegel,Bopp,etc.）;

（2）thepreconditionandexpressionofthought（Humboldt）;（3）thelawinchangesoflanguage,（4）thegenerallinguistics;and（5）subsequentschools（phonology,structuralism）basedontheoreticaldeliberationsaboutlanguage.Scholarsin（3）postulatedsoundlawsandappliedthemtoetymologywhileneglectingwordformationandsyntax.Scholarsin（4）（notablySaussure）arguedhowlittlesuchstatementswerereallylawsandhowlittleresearchoflanguageitself.

Oldresearchestakelanguageasameansofknowledge,belieandrecentonestakelanguageasaphenomenonofitsown.Saussuretreatedformsasindexesofrelation,achievedpossibilities.

FormalityisamajorthemeintherelationallinguisticsofSaussure,theoppositionallinguisticsofphonology,orthedependencylinguisticsofstructuralism.Differencesseekrelationsamongsounds,soundfunctions（phonology）,forms,formfunctions（morphology）,words,wordfunctions,andsoon.Hjelmslevclaimsanentityisseenonlyinconfrontationandrelationwithotherswithwhichittendstoco-occur.TheschoolsofGeneva,Prague,Copenhagen,andsoonwerecloseingoalsandmethods.Theirquarrelswerechieflyemphasesanddescription.

Languageresearchesconsistinisolating,characterizingtheconstantforms.Linguisticformalizationisanobservationalprocedure.Scientifictreatmentmakesanissueoutoffunctionalformsthatarenormallynotanissue,andforegroundsthemwiththeaidofspecializedconceptsandterms.

Problem:

thesystematicmethodsofformalizingcanlendanunnaturallyhighimportancetoformalitems,untiltheanalystreadilybelievesthatformisthevehicleofalldiscourse.Still,itisunderstandableandjustifiable;theycanclarifythewayswherebylanguagefunctions.

Languageformsvalues:

（1）inconstitution;

（2）apreconditioninrelation,and（3）regularityinpossibility.Formscanchangeinrespecttoothers--whencetheconceptoftransformation,asaccidentwithinthedomainofnon-accident.Thus,discussionsofcontentandform,innerandouterreflectconstantsandvariables.Fourschemesofinstantiations:

（1）betweenconstants（e.g.betweenword-stems）;

（2）betweenconstantandvariable（e.g.betweenwordstemandsuffixes）;（3）betweenvariableandconstant（e.g.betweenendingsandthecases,persons,etc.theysignal）;and（4）betweenvariables（e.g.inparadigms）.Thefirstisdealtinthelexicon,andtheotherthreeingrammar.

Formandcontent:

wealwaysneedtodeterminehowfarformcarriescontentandwhatkind.Formisencounteredinlanguagescienceproper.Itemergesfromcomparableentities;communicableandintersubjective;itsystematizesmanifestations.Formalinventoriesaremoreconstant.Formclassesaremorestablethanmeanings,andsemanticdomainiscomplicatedbyconnotationmetaphorandanalogy.Bothformandcontentcanbeseenaseitherconstantorvariable,dependingonhowwecollatethem.Formscanbeasemanticonlywhendiscoursemotivationisnotanissue.Languageisgenerallyusedsemantically.Linguisticscannotignorethesemanticside;theuseoflanguageinrealeventscan’tbeseparatedfrommotivationswhichmaybemoresignificantthanstructuralissues

Scholarshopeforahandbookoflinguisticstatements,formulatedasformallyaspossibleandprescribedforvalidworkinlinguistics.

Onewaytopromoteformalitymightbeamathematicizedtreatment.Mathematicsappearstobefreefromstandpointsanduniversallyapplicable.Itworksexclusivelywithcalculablerelations.Almosteverymanifestationcanbequantitativehandedintermsofform.Mathematicsappliestowhatisconstantinafixedformoranunambiguousconcept.Quantificationislargelypowerlesstoanalyzethefreeuseofsign.Statisticalquestionsabouthowmany,when,where,canseldombeansweredexactly.Languageconsistsof

（1）mixedsets,e.g.,thesemanticandtheoperational;and

（2）domains,withinasubjectivelyvariableradius.Semanticclasseshaveahermeneuticvalue,flexiblerange,andapplicability.Therefore,mathematicscannotbetheidealmethod.

Hartmanndoesnotfavourlogic.Logicalformsneednotcoincidewithsenseormeaning,e.g.whenuniformexpressionsmasklogicaldifferences.Logicislimitedtoinquiringhowfaranexpressionhassensegrammaticallyortousi