张嫦娥论文初稿.docx

张嫦娥论文初稿.docx

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张嫦娥论文初稿

中国地质大学（武汉）远程与继续教育学院

本科毕业论文（设计）

题目：

浅析美国报业发展与新闻自由

姓名：

张嫦娥准考证号：

014309210519

院（系）远程与继教学院专业：

商务英语

指导老师：

邬忠职称：

讲师

评阅人：

职称：

2012年11月

原创性声明

本人呈交的学位论文，是在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，所有数据、图片资料真实可靠。

尽我所知，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本学位论文的研究成果不包含他人享有著作权的内容。

对本论文所涉及的研究工作做出贡献的其他个人和集体，均已在文中以明确的方式标明。

本学位论文的知识产权归属于培养单位。

本人签名：

日期：

摘要

新闻自由，或新闻自由权，通常指政府通过宪法或相关法律条文保障本国公民言论结社以及新闻出版界采访，报道，出版发行等的自由。

18世纪以来，新闻传播逐渐成为美国民主政治工具，在政治体制中发挥着有效地作用。

从近代民主制度确立至今，新闻自由的理念已经根深蒂固。

新闻自由被视为维系民主政治于不坠的重要基础之一。

杰斐逊说，政治自由，“除了靠新闻，是得不到保证的，限制新闻自由，就一定有失去政治的危险。

由此可见，新闻自由在美国的地位。

而报刊是表达新闻自由的最好媒介工具。

报刊，作为一项信息传播工作，具有政治性，政策性和专业性，创造性的特点。

作为一种商品销售工作，又具有商业性，中介性和服务性，多变性等特点。

关键词：

新闻自由；传媒；报刊；出版

Abstract

Freedomofthepress;usuallyreferstothegovernmentthroughconstitutionalorlegalprovisionstoprotecttheircitizensremarksassociationaswellasthenewspublishingindustryinterviews,reports,publishedintheissuefreedom..

Sincethe18thcentury,newsspreadofbecomingdemocraticpoliticaltool,itplaysaneffectiveroleinthepoliticalsystem.Fromthemoderndemocraticsystemhasbeenestablished，theideaofthefreedomofthepresshasbeendeeplyrooted.Freedomofthepressisregardedasanimportantfoundationforsustaineddemocracyinthefallone.Jeffersonsaid，politicalfreedom，“Additiontorelyingonthenews，isnotguaranteedtolimitthefreedomofthepress，andwillcertainlybeindangeroflosingpolitical。

”ThisshowsthatthestatusoffreedomofthepressintheUnitedStates.

Newspaperisthebestmediatoolstoexpressthefreedomofthepress.Newspaper，asaninformationdissemination，ithasthecharacteristicsofpolitical，policy，professionalandcreativity.Asacommoditysales，ithasthecharacteristicsofcommercial，intermediary，serviceandvariability.

Keywords：

freedomofthepress；media；newspaper；publishing

CONTENTS

1Introduction1

1.1TheessenceandcharacteristicoftheFreedomofthePress2

1.2ThedevelopmentofAmericanNewspaperIndustry2

2ThedilemmaofAmericanNewspaperIndustry4

2.1Thehistoryofnewspaper4

2.2Theimpactofnewmediaontraditionalnewspaper4

2.3Financialcrisisleadtolay-off5

3Thelegalrootcauseofthefreedomofthepress6

3.1FreespeechandwritingoftheGreeceandtheRome6

3.2TheliberaltraditionofBritain7

3.3TheimpactofAmericanphilosopher8

4TherelationshipbetweenAmericannewspaperindustryandfreedomofthepress11

Conclusion13

References14

1Introduction

FreedomofthepressintheUnitedStatesisprotectedbytheFirstAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution.Thisclauseisgenerallyunderstoodasprohibitingthegovernmentfrominterferingwiththeprintinganddistributionofinformationoropinions，althoughfreedomofthepress，likefreedomofspeech，issubjecttosomerestrictions,suchasdefamationlawandcopyrightlaw.Everyyear,ReportersBordersestablishesarankingofcountriesintermsoftheirfreedomofthepress.

AsfamouslysaidbyjournalistA.J.Libeling，“Freedomofthepressisguaranteedonlytothosewhoownone.”Theindividuals，business，andorganizationsthatownameansofpublicationsareabletopublishinformationandopinionswithoutgovernmentinterference，andcannotbecompelledbythegovernmenttopublishinformationandopinionsthattheydisagreewith.Thephilosophyisusuallyaccompaniedbylegislationensuringvariousdegreesoffreedomofscientificresearch,publishing,pressingandprintingthedepthtowhichtheselawareentrenchedinacountry’slegalsystemcangoasfardownasitsconstitution.

1.1TheessenceandcharacteristicoftheFreedomofthePress

Freedomofthepressorfreedomofthemediaisthefreedomofcommunicationandexpressionthroughvehiclesincludingvariouselectronicmediaandpublishedmaterials.whilesuchfreedommostlyimpliestheabsenceofinterferencefromanoverreachingstate，itspreservationmaybesoughtthroughconstitutionalorotherlegalprotections.FreedomofhepressisyearlyreportbyUS-basednon-governmentalorganizationFreedomHouse,measuringtheleveloffreedomandeditorialindependenceenjoyedbythepressineverynationandsignificantdisputedterritoriesaroundtheworld.

Withrespecttogovernmentinformation，anygovernmentmaydistinguishwhichmaterialsarepublicorprotectedfromdisclosuretothepublicbasedonclassificationofinformationassensitive，classifiedorsecretandbeingotherwiseprotectedfromdisclosureduetorelevanceoftheinformationtoprotectingthenationalinterest.

TherighttofreedomofpressisrecognizedasahumanrightunderArticle199oftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsandrecognizedininternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.TheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightStates：

“Everyonehastherighttofreedomofopinionandexpression;thisrightincludesfreedomtoholdopinionswithoutinterference，andimpartinformationandideasthroughanymediaregardlessoffrontier.”

1.2ThedevelopmentofAmericanNewspaperIndustry

Theunitedstatesisthelargestnewspaperpublishingcountryintheworld，groupcompaniesmainlyinthemediaindustryisthemostpowerful.Accordingtostatistics，thereare9000kindsofnewspaperinAmerican，dailynewspaperisabout1500kinds，thedailycirculationof5.57million，perthousandpeopleowneddailynewspaper206copies，eachfamilyordernewspaperisabout0.6copies.TheUnitedStatesnewspaperrevenueiscomefromissuerevenueandadvertisingrevenue.

Awidevarietyofmaterialhasbeenpublishedinnewspaper,includingeditorialopinions,criticism,persuasionandobituaries;entertainmentfeaturessuchascrosswords,Sudokuandhoroscopes;weathernewsandforecasts;advice,foodandothercolumns;reviewsofradio,movies,television,playsandrestaurant;classifiedads;displayads;radioandtelevisionlistings,insertsfromlocalmerchants,editorialcartoon,gagcartoonsandcomicstrips.

OnSeptember251960，BenjaminHarrispublished《PublicOccurrencesbothForeignAndDomestic》，itistheoldestnewspaperinnorthAmerican。

In1704，BostonadministrativesecretaryJohnCampbellfounded《BostonBusinessNews》，itiscontinuousissuenewspaper.TheformationofAmericannewspaperindustryisbythenewspaperbetweenmergerandacquisitions.TheAmericannewspapergroupcanbedividedintothreecategories：

1itisnamedafterthefamilyname，mostofthemarehistoricbrand；2itisnamedbycorenewspaperandformfamousnewspapersexpand；3itisneitherfamilynamenorthenewspapername，suchasMurdoch’sNewsCorporationintheUnitedStates.

2ThedilemmaofAmericanNewspaperIndustry

2.1Thehistoryofnewspaper

EarlyAmericannewspapercharacteristics:

Fewnewspapersexisted；Mostpublisherswereprintersandpostmasters；Newswasnotverytimely；Colonialauthoritydidn’tsupporta“freepress”.《PublicOccurrencesbothForeignandDomestic》isthefirstnewspaperincolonialera,hepublishedwithoutauthority,upsetslocalofficialwith“scandalous”story，anditissueonlyone。

《BostonNewsLetter》publishedwithroyalpermission.JamesFranklinfounded《NewEnglandCourant》，itmustbesupportedbythegovernment，hejailedforpublishingwithoutpriorauthority.BenFranklinprovescanadvertisingcopycansellmerchandiseandshowsjournalismcanbeanhonorableprofession.Heimprovesnewspaperreadability，heusesofheadlinesoitmucheasiertoreadtypefonts，thelayoutiscleanerandsimpler。

In1841，HoraceGreelystartsthe《NewYorkTribune》。

Writingappealstoreaderintellectratherthanemotion.Thenewscontentshouldcomefromtheconcernsoftheeliteclasstothemiddleclass.InancientRome,governmentannouncementbulletinsannouncementbulletin,wereproduced.Theywerecarvedinmetalorstoneandpostedinpublicplaces.Departmentstoresandsupermarketscouldberelieduponinthepasttobuypagesofnewspaperadvertisements,butduetoindustryconsolidationaremuchlesslikelytodosonow.

TheCivilWarandthetelegraphicdispatchsystemchangethewaystoriesarewritten：

itheraldedthestartoftheleadandinvertedpyramidformats。

JosephPulitzeristhenewspapergiantduringtheCivilWar，itaimspaperatdiverseNYCaudienceparticularlyimmigrantsandstressessimplewritingandgeneroususeofpicture.

2.2Theimpactofnewmediaontraditionalnewspaper

TheITrevolutionhasaprofoundimpactonthepropagationenvironment，asrepresentedbynetworkandphone,newmediaisflourishing。

Withtheextensivepenetrationoftheinternetonpeople’slife，thetraditionalnewspaperindustryhasbeentheimpactoftheinternet,theprospectofnewspaperisnotoptimistic。

Mostnewspapershavefourmaindepartmentsdevotedtopublishingthenewspaperitself—editorial,production/printing,circulation,andadvertising,althoughtheyarefrequentlyreferredtobyavarietyofothernames—aswellasthenon-newspaper-specificdepartmentsalsofoundinotherbusinessesofcomparablesize,suchasaccounting,marketing,humanresources,andIT.

First，thetraditionalnewspapergrimsituationfacingpoorrevenue，circulationcontinuedtodecline.Inthepasttwoyears，《LosAngelesTimes》and《WallStreetJournal》havetocostsavingthroughlayoffs。

。

Second，therisingpriceofpaperandthecostoftraditionalnewspaperprintinggoingup，thenewspapermediafaceenormouspressures。

Sothetraditionalnewspapermustbecarriedoutsystemreformationandmechanisminnovation。

However,intherestoftheworld,cheaperprintinganddistribution,increasedliteracy,thegrowingmiddleclassandotherfactorshavemorethancompensatedfortheemergenceofelectronicmediaandnewspapercontinuetogrow.

2.3Financialcrisisleadtolay-off

Anewspaperisascheduled