高考必备高中英语语法通霸虚拟语气.docx

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高考必备高中英语语法通霸虚拟语气

第十二章虚拟语气

英语动词可有三种不同的语气:

陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。

1.陈述语气:

陈述一个事实,或提出一个看法,有肯定、否定、疑问或感叹等形式。

Myfavoritesportisswimming.

Diditrainalldayyesterday?

Whatagoodboyheis!

2.祈使语气:

表示请求、邀请、命令、警告或劝告等。

Becareful!

Don’tforgettoclosethewindow.

Let’sgototheparkthisSunday.

3.虚拟语气:

表示说话人所说的话不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、建议、怀疑或推测。

IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglishharder.(表假设)

Iwisheveryfamilyhadahouseoftheirown.(表愿望)

Thedoctoradvisedthathe(should)takeexerciseregularly.(表建议)

Itissurprisingthatheshouldbesuchafoolishman.

他竟然这么愚蠢,真是令人吃惊!

(表感到意外)

Hecan’thavearrived,forhiscarbrokedownontheway.

他不可能已经到了,因为他的车坏在路上。

(推测)

 

第1讲用相应的过去时态表示“愿望”

考点1.wish之后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气

hope后面跟宾语从句时,只能用陈述语气:

Ihopeyouwillhaveagoodtripthere.

wish后面跟从句时只能用虚拟语气,表示“愿望”,与事实相反。

本来是一般现在时的,要用成一般过去时;本来是一般过去时的,要用成过去完成时。

①IwishIrememberedtheaddress.

②Iwishyouhadwrittentohim.

③Iwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions.

1.【2002上海】HowIwisheveryfamily______alargehousewithabeautifulgarden!

A.hasB.hadC.willhaveD.hadhad

2.【2011北京】—Wherearethechildren?

Thedinner’sgoingtobecompletelyruined.

—Iwishthey______alwayslate.

A.weren’tB.hadn’tbeen

C.wouldn’tbeD.wouldn’thavebeen

3.IwishI______youyesterday.

A.sawB.didsee

C.hadseenD.weretosee

4.Ididn’tgototheparty,butIdowishI______there.

A.wasB.were

C.hadbeenD.went

考点2.ifonly

onlyif表示“只有”;ifonly则表示“如果……就好了”。

Iwakeuponlyifthealarmclockrings.

只有闹钟响了,我才会醒。

Ifonlythealarmclockhadrung.

要是闹钟响了就好了!

表示现在的情况,应用过去式;如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态。

ifonly也可用于陈述语气。

IfonlyIhadlistenedtoyouradvice,thingswouldn’thavegonesowrong.

5.【2003上海春】LookatthetroubleIamin!

IfonlyI______youradvice.

A.followedB.wouldfollow

C.hadfollowedD.shouldfollow

6.IfonlyGrandmother______thistogetherwithusnow.

A.willseeB.couldsee

C.mustseeD.shouldsee

7.Iwouldgetitforyou______Icouldrememberwholastborrowedit.

A.onconditionthatB.exceptthat

C.ifonlyD.consideringwhether

考点3.It’s(high/about)timethat…

Itis(high/about)timethat后谓语用过去式或“should+动词原形(should不能省略)”表示“愿望”,含有抱怨或批评之意,意为“早就该做某事了”。

Itistimethatthegovernmenttookaction.

Itisabouttimethatthegovernmenttookaction.

Itishightimethatthegovernmenttookaction.

Itis(abouthigh)timethatthegovernmentshouldtakeaction.

但不可说Itishightimethatthegovernmenttakeaction.因为should不能省略。

8.Itishightimethechild______tothehospital.

A.issentB.wouldbesent

C.besentD.wassent

9.Isn’titabouttimethatyou______topickupthevisitorsfromNewYork?

A.goneB.shouldgo

C.goD.willgo

10.Itistimethatthegovernment______measurestoprotecttherarebirdsandanimals.

A.takesB.took

C.hastakenD.taking

11.【2012辽宁】Jackisagreattalker.It’shightimethathe______somethinginsteadofjusttalking.

A.willdoB.hasdoneC.doD.did

考点4.wouldrather后跟从句时

wouldrather后接句子时,句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气。

表示与现在或将来相反的愿望时,从句用一般过去时。

I’dratheryoucamenextSaturday.

我宁愿你下星期六来。

I’drathershesatnexttome.

我宁愿她挨着我坐。

表示与过去相反的愿望时用过去完成时。

I’dratherIhadn’tsaidit.

我真希望我没有这样说过。

12.—Shallwegotothemovietonight?

—No,I’drather______athomewithourbaby.You’dbetternotleaveittothebabysitteratnight.

A.youstayedB.youstay

C.stayedD.stay

13.Frankly,I’dratheryou______anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.

A.doB.don’tdo

C.didn’tdoD.willnotdo

14.【2010江苏】Georgeisgoingtotalkaboutthegeographyofhiscountry,butI’dratherhe______moreonitsculture.

A.focusB.focused

C.wouldfocusD.hadfocused

 

写作专练1.用相应的过去时态来表达“愿望”

(P.234)

 

第2讲用虚拟条件句表“假设”

条件句有两类,一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件句。

如果假设的情况是有可能发生的,就是真实条件句。

真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。

Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,wewillgotothepark.

如果明天不下雨,我们就去公园。

如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。

Ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhaveaskedyouaboutit.

如果他昨天见到你,他会问你这件事的。

(事实上他昨天没见到你,因此也未能问你这件事。

虚拟条件句分三种情况:

与现在相反,与过去相反,与将来相反。

其从句和主句的谓语形式如下:

时间

if条件句

主句

过去

haddone

would/should/could/mighthavedone

现在

did(were)

would/should/could/mightdo

将来

①shoulddo②weretodo③did(were)

would/should/could/mightdo

注:

would,should,could与might的选择:

1一般常用would,如同在真实条件句中主句常要用will一样。

常译作“将、就会”。

如:

IfIknewhim,Iwouldaskhimforhelp.如果我认识他的话,我就会向他求助。

2should在虚拟条件句中用得最少,现在几乎不用。

可能是因为在陈述语气中第一人称后面可以用shall,所以在虚拟语气中,理论上讲,第一人称后也可用should。

但在现代英语中,特别是美语中,人们常说:

I’llgohome.或Iwillgohome.但很少人说Ishallgohome.因此,在虚拟条件句中,should也很少用。

3could用于虚拟条件句中时,有“能够,可能”之意。

如:

Ifyouhadcomebackalittleearlier,youcouldhaveseenityourself.

如果你回来得再稍早一点,你就可能亲眼目睹这件事了。

4might用于虚拟条件句时,常译作“或许”,表示可能性有,但不敢肯定。

如:

IfIhadbeenthere,Imighthavequarreledwithhim.如果我当时在场的话,我或许会和他吵起来。

考点1.表示与现在事实相反

IfIknewGerman,Iwouldreadthebookintheoriginal.

1.Ifit______sohard,we’dgototown.

A.isn’trainingB.weren’training

C.doesn’trainD.hasrain

2.Iftherewerenowaterintheworld,everything______.

A.willdieB.woulddie

C.wouldhavediedD.wouldhavebeendead

3.We’resaferinatrainthanwewouldbeifwe______anyotherway.

A.traveledB.hadtraveled  

C.travelD.havetraveled

4.—Whydon’tyouexplainittoher?

—I______ittoherifIthoughtshewouldunderstand.

A.wouldexplainB.willexplain   

C.explainD.wouldhaveexplained

5.【2012湖南】Sorry,Iamtoobusynow.IfI______

time,Iwouldcertainlygoforanoutingwithyou.

A.havehadB.hadhad

C.haveD.had

考点2.表示与过去事实相反

Youwouldn’thavecaughtacoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.

6.IfI______you,I______toAustraliawithMr.Smith.

A.hadbeen;wouldgo

B.were;hadgone

C.were;wouldhavegone

D.am;willgo

7.【2010湖南】Ifhe______myadvice,hewouldn’thavelosthisjob.

A.followedB.shouldfollow

C.hadfollowedD.wouldfollow

8.【2012山东】Ifwe______adequatepreparations,theconferencewouldn’thavebeensosuccessful.

A.haven’tmadeB.wouldn’tmake

C.didn’tmakeD.hadn’tmade

9.【2013重庆】—Itrainedcatsanddogsthismorning.I’mgladwetookanumbrella.

—Yeah,wewouldhavegotwetalloverifwe______.

A.hadn’tB.haven’tC.didn’tD.don’t

10.【2013江苏】IshouldnothavelaughedifI______youwereserious.

A.thoughtB.wouldthink

C.hadthoughtD.havethought

考点3.表示对将来发生情况的怀疑或实现的可能性很小

11.Whatwouldwedoifit______tomorrow?

A.shouldsnowB.wouldsnow

C.snowD.willsnow

12.【2009天津】Thisprinterisofgoodquality.Ifit______breakdownwithinthefirstyear,wewouldrepairitatourexpense.

A.wouldB.shouldC.couldD.might

13.Thevolleyballmatchwouldbeputoffifit______tomorrow.

A.willrainB.rains

C.rainedD.israined

14.Supposingthisship______,doyouthinktherewouldbeenoughlifejacketsforallthepassengers?

A.wassinkingB.hassunk  

C.weretosinkD.sunk

15.______today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.

A.WasheleavingB.Ifheisleaving  

C.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves

16.【2012安徽】Gracedoesn’twanttomovetoNewYorkbecauseshethinksifshe______there,shewouldn’tbeabletoseeherparentsveryoften.

A.livesB.wouldlive

C.haslivedD.weretolive

考点4.should有“万一”之意

在与现在相反的虚拟条件句中,从句谓语有三种形式,其中一种为“should+动词原形”,主要是因为should有“万一”之意,表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没有可能。

if条件从句谓语由should加动词原形构成时,主句谓语有用虚拟语气的也有不用虚拟语气的。

Askhertoringmeupifyoushouldseeher.

你万一见到她,请让她给我打个电话。

should还常用在forfearthat,incase(以防),lest(以防)等引导的状语从句中。

17.Heisworkinghardforfearthathe______topasstheexam.

A.failsB.mayfail

C.shouldfailD.wouldfail

18.Hedoesn’tdaretoleavethehouseincase______.

A.hewillrecognizeB.heshouldberecognized

C.heisrecognizedD.herecognize

19.Thedriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit______ontheway.

A.breaksdownC.wouldbreakdown

B.brokedownD.shouldbreakdown

考点5.错综时间虚拟条件句

所谓错综时间虚拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致,如从句指过去,而主句却指的是现在或将来,此时应根据具体的语境情况,结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整。

Iftheyhadstartedintheearlymorning,theywouldarriveinhalfanhour.

(过去——将来;错综时间虚拟条件句)

Iftheyhadstartedintheearlymorning,theywouldbeherenow.

(过去——现在;错综时间虚拟条件句)

Iftheyhadstartedintheearlymorning,theywouldhavearrived.

(过去——过去;不是错综时间虚拟条件句)

20.ItishardformetoimaginewhatIwouldbedoingtodayifI______inlove,attheageofseven,withtheMelindaCoxLibraryinmyhometown.

A.wouldn’thavefallenB.hadnotfallen

C.shouldfallD.weretofall

21.Hadyoulistenedtothedoctor,you______allrightnow.

A.areB.were

C.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen

22.【2013北京】Ifwe______atableearlier,wecouldn’tbestandinghereinaqueue.

A.havebookedB.booked

C.bookD.hadbooked

23.【2013天津】IfhehadspentmoretimepractisingspeakingEnglishbefore,he______abletospeakitmuchbetternow.

A.willbeB.wouldbe

C.hasbeenD.wouldhavebeen

考点6.if的省略

虚拟条件句中有were,had,should时,可把if省略,而把were,had,should放在主语前,用倒装结构,这种结构主要用于书面语中。

如:

Wereitnecessary,Imightresign.

Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthevisittotheSummerPalace.

Weretheretobeaflood,whatshouldwedo?

HadIleftalittleearlier,Iwouldhavecaughtthetrain.

24.【2012浙江】Hadtheyknownwhatwascomingnext,they______secondthoughts.

A.mayhaveB.couldhave

C.musthavehadD.mighthavehad

25.______whatwasgoingtohappen,Iwouldneverhaveleftheralone.

A.HadIknownB.IfIknow

C.IfIknewD.IfhadIknown

26.______today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.

A.WerehetoleaveB.Ifhehadleft

C.DidhetoleaveD.Hadheleft

27.______thework,hewoulddoitsomeo

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