国际经济学简答.docx

国际经济学简答.docx

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国际经济学简答

三简答40point

1whatwerethemercantilists’viewsontrade?

themercantilistsmaintainedthatthewayforanationtobecomerichandpowerfulwastoexportmorethanitimported

2whatwasthebasisforandthepatternoftradeaccordingtoAdamSmith?

⏹Tradebetweentwonationsisbasedonabsoluteadvantage.

⏹Whenonenationismoreefficient（absoluteadvantage）thananotherintheproductionofonegoodbutislessefficientthan（absolutedisadvantage）theothernationinproducingasecondgood,thenbothnationscangainbyeachspecializingintheproductionofthegoodofitsAAandexchangingpartofitsoutputwiththeothernationforthegoodofitsabsolutedisadvantage（AD）.

3howdogainsfromtradearisewithcomparativeadvantage

Assumptions：

Twonations,twoproducts,onefactor

SupposeU.Sproduct6W,or4Cuseonehours

U.Kproduct1W,orCuseonehours

IfU.S.exchanges6Wfor6CwithUKU.Sgains2CsinceU.Scouldonlyexchange6Wfor4Cdomestically.U.Kgains6WthatU.KreservesfromU.SwouldrequiresixhourstoproduceinU.K.U.Kcouldinsteadusethesesixhourstoproduce12Candgiveuponly6Cfor6WfromtheU.S

4TheoryofComparativeAdvantage（CA）----Evenifonenationislessefficientthan（hasanADwithrespectto）theothernationintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.

ThefirstnationshouldspecializeintheproductionofandexportofthecommodityinwhichitsADissmaller（thisisthecommodityofitsCA）,andimportthecommodityinwhichitsADisgreater（thisisthecommodityofitsCD）.Andthesecondnation…

5whatarecommunityindifferencecurve’scharacteristics?

PropertyofIndifferenceCurve:

•Therearemanyindifferencecurve

•Furtherfromoriginmeansmoreutilitylevel

•Nevercrosswitheachother

•Concave

•NegativeSlope

6判断比较优势产品

重心偏向哪，哪有比较优势

7whatdoestheHeckscher-ohlintheorypostulate

Anationwillexportthecommoditywhoseproductionrequirestheintensiveuseofitsrelativeabundantandcheapfactorandimportthecommoditywhoseproductionrequirestheintensiveuseofitsrelativescarceandexpensivefactor. （Basedontheassumptions）

8whatdoesthefactor-priceequalizationtheorempostulate?

Ifsomefactorsarespecific,thespecific-factorsmodelpostulatesthattradewillhaveanambiguouseffectonthenation’smobilefactors;itwillbenefittheimmobilefactorsthatarespecifictothenation’sexportcommoditiesorsectors,andharmtheimmobilefactorsthatarespecifictothenation’simport-competingcommoditiesorsectors.

9explainwhytheHeckscher-ohlintheoryisageneralequilibriummodel

10whatismeantbytheLeontiefparadox?

TheresultofthefirstempiricaltestbyLeontiefusing1947U.S.datawastheoppositeofwhattheH-Omodelpredicted----Leontiefparadoxwhichcouldbeexplainedby:

（1）1947beinganon-representativeyear;

（2）theuseofatwo-factor（LandK）model;

 （3）thefactthatU.S.tariffsgavemoreprotectiontoL-intensiveindustries;and

 （4）theexclusionofhumancapitalfromthecalculations.Someempiricalstudies,however,giveconflictingresults

11whyincreasingreturnstoscalemayoccur

atalargerscaleofoperation,agreaterdivisionoflaborandspecializationbecomespossible.

（1）eachworkercanspecializeinperformingasimplerepetitivetask简单重复的工作witharesultingincreaseinproductivity.

（2）alargerscaleofoperationmaypermittheintroductionofmorespecializedandproductivemachinerythanwouldbefeasibleatasmallerscaleofoperation.

12whyintra-industryoccur

（1）takeadvantageofimportanteconomiesofscaleinproduction.

（2）Morespecializedandfastermachinerycanbedevelopedandemployedforacontinuousoperationandalongerproductionrun.

13howcaninternationaltradebasedonproductdifferentiation?

Asaresult,agreatdealofinternationaltradecananddoesinvolvetheexchangeofdifferentiatedproductsofthesameindustryorboardproductgroup.Thatis,agreatdealofinternationaltradeisintra-industrytradeindifferentiatedproductsofthesameindustryorbroadproductgroup.thatis,agreatdealofinternationaltradeisintra-industrytradeindifferentiatedproduct,asopposedtointer-industrytradeincompletelydifferentproducts.

14howcanintra-industrytradebemeasured?

⏹  X----thevalueofexportsofaparticularindustryorcommoditygroup

⏹  M----thevalueofimportsoftheindustryorcommoditygroup

⏹ ∣----verticalbarsinthenumeratoroftheformuladenotestheabsolutevalue.

15howcaninternationaltradetakeplaceaccordingtothetechnologicalgapmodel?

TheTechnologicalGapModel----agreatdealofthetradeamongindustrializedcountriesisbasedontheintroductionofnewproductsandnewproductionprocesses.Thesegivetheinnovatingfirmandnationatemporarymonopolyintheworldmarket.

Suchatemporarymonopolyisoftenbasedonpatentsandcopyrights（whicharegrantedtostimulatetheflowofinventions）.

（SketchedbyPosner,1961）

16howdodifferentenvironmentalstandardsaffectindustrylocationandinternationaltrade?

Serioustradeproblemscausedbyenvironmentalpollutionbecausethepriceoftradedgoodsandservicesdoesnotfullyreflectsocialenvironmentalcosts.

17PartialEquilibrumEffectsofaTariffandCostandBenefitsofaTariff（详见P239,P241）

Foureffects

⏹Consumptioneffect（消费效应）

⏹Productioneffect（生产效应）

⏹Tradeeffect（贸易效应）

⏹Revenueeffect（收入效应）

18Whatistheprimaryfunctionoftariffsinindustrial

Nations?

indevelopingnations?

Constitutionbutareoftenappliedbydevelopingcountries

ontheirtradionalexportstogetbetterpricesandraise

revenues.developingnationsrelyheavilyonexporttariffstoraiserevenuesbecauseoftheireaseofcollection.Ontheotherhand,industrialcountriesinvariablyimposetariffsorothertraderestrictionsto

protectsomeindustry,whileusingmostlyincometaxes

toraiserevenues.

19Whatismeantbytheoptimumtariff?

TheOptimumTariff（最优关税）----atariffratethatmaximizesthenetbenefitresultingfromtheimprovementinthenation’stermsoftradeagainstthenegativeeffectreductioninthevolumeoftrade.

20Comparisonofanimportquotatoanimporttariff?

（howaretheysimilartoanddifferentfromtheeffectsofanequivalentimporttariff?

）

⏹[P275,p2]ImportquotaTariff

1）ADomesticPrice↑unchanged

⏹DomesticProduction↑unchanged

⏹BConsumptionchange+++

⏹Importchange0increased

2）Distributionoflicense[P275,p3]yesNo

☐Basesofchoicesofpotentialimporters

☐Arbitraryofficialgov’tEffic.

☐Rent-seekingyes（Ifnotauctioned）No

3）Tradeeffect[P276,p2]CertaintyUncertainty

21whatismeantbydumping?

whatarethedifferenttypes

ofdumping?

⏹theexportofacommodityatbelowcostoratleastthesalesofacommodityatalowerpriceabroadthandomestically.（一种商品以低于成本或至少以低于国内价格出售。

）

Threetypes:

⏹

（1）PersistentDumping持续性倾销[P280,p2L3]

☐InternationalPriceDiscrimination----domesticmonopolisttomaximizetotalprofits.

⏹

（2）PredatoryDumping掠夺性倾销----temporarysale[P280,p3L1]

⏹（3）SporadicDumping偶然性倾销----occasionalsale[P280,p3L4]

22WhataretherulingprinciplesofGATT?

Threebasicprinciples:

[P296,p4]

⏹

（1）Nondiscrimination----unconditionallyacceptthe“Most–favored-nationprinciple”.

⏹

（2）Eliminationofnontarifftradebarriers 

⏹（3）Consultationamongnationsinsolvingtradedisputes----withintheGATTframework.

23WhatdidtheUruguryroundaccomplish?

⏹aimsduringTheUruguayround:

[P300,p4L7]

⏹ 

（1）Greaterliberalizationoftradeinagriculture;

⏹ 

（2） Services，agriculture，Trade-relatedinvestment

⏹（3）IP–IntellectualProperty;

⏹ （4）Thedisputesettlementprocedures

⏹Tariffs

⏹Quotas

⏹Antidumping

⏹Subsidies

⏹Nationalsafeguards

⏹IntellectualProperty

⏹Services

⏹Otherindustryprovisions

⏹Trade-relatedinvestmentmeasures

⏹WTO

24Whataretheoutstandingtradeproblemsfacingtheworld

Today?

⏹Subsidyandtarifftoagricultureisstillhigh[P303,p2L2]

⏹Tradeproblemsofdevelopingcountrysuchastextileandagriculture[P304,p1L5]

⏹MakenospecialprovisiontohelptheformerlycentrallyplannedeconomiesofEasternEuropeandtheformerSovietUnionestablishmarketeconomies.[P305,p1]

⏹Tendencyfortheworldtobreakup[P304,p1L5]

⏹Notdealwithlaborandenvironmentstandards[P304,p2]

25whatDynamicBenefitsarethenationsformingaCustomsUnionlikelytoreceive（嫌多可只记首句）

⏹1.Increasedcompetitionamongmemberswithinthecustomsunion:

[P328,p7L1]

☐

（1）producers----moreefficient,merge,orgooutofthebusiness;

☐

（2）stimulatethedevelopmentandutilizationofnewtechnology.

☐

（1）+

（2）→lowerproductioncost 

⏹2.Economiesofscale[P329,p2L2]

☐EUhasachievedthisbyreducingtherangeofdifferentiatedproductsmanufacturedineachplantandincreasing“productionruns”.

⏹3.Thestimulustoinvestment[P329,p3]

☐

（1）takeadvantageoftheenlargedmarketandtomeettheincreasedcompetition;

☐

（2）Setupfacilitiestoavoidthe（discriminatory）tradebarriersimposedonnon-unionproducts

⏹4.Thefreecommunity-widemovementoflaborandcapital（withinsuchacommonmarketascustomsunion）[P329,p4]

⏹→Betterutilizationoftheeconomicresourcesoftheentirecommunity

26进口替代的定义