国际经济学简答.docx
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国际经济学简答
三简答40point
1whatwerethemercantilists’viewsontrade?
themercantilistsmaintainedthatthewayforanationtobecomerichandpowerfulwastoexportmorethanitimported
2whatwasthebasisforandthepatternoftradeaccordingtoAdamSmith?
⏹Tradebetweentwonationsisbasedonabsoluteadvantage.
⏹Whenonenationismoreefficient(absoluteadvantage)thananotherintheproductionofonegoodbutislessefficientthan(absolutedisadvantage)theothernationinproducingasecondgood,thenbothnationscangainbyeachspecializingintheproductionofthegoodofitsAAandexchangingpartofitsoutputwiththeothernationforthegoodofitsabsolutedisadvantage(AD).
3howdogainsfromtradearisewithcomparativeadvantage
Assumptions:
Twonations,twoproducts,onefactor
SupposeU.Sproduct6W,or4Cuseonehours
U.Kproduct1W,orCuseonehours
IfU.S.exchanges6Wfor6CwithUKU.Sgains2CsinceU.Scouldonlyexchange6Wfor4Cdomestically.U.Kgains6WthatU.KreservesfromU.SwouldrequiresixhourstoproduceinU.K.U.Kcouldinsteadusethesesixhourstoproduce12Candgiveuponly6Cfor6WfromtheU.S
4TheoryofComparativeAdvantage(CA)----Evenifonenationislessefficientthan(hasanADwithrespectto)theothernationintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.
ThefirstnationshouldspecializeintheproductionofandexportofthecommodityinwhichitsADissmaller(thisisthecommodityofitsCA),andimportthecommodityinwhichitsADisgreater(thisisthecommodityofitsCD).Andthesecondnation…
5whatarecommunityindifferencecurve’scharacteristics?
PropertyofIndifferenceCurve:
•Therearemanyindifferencecurve
•Furtherfromoriginmeansmoreutilitylevel
•Nevercrosswitheachother
•Concave
•NegativeSlope
6判断比较优势产品
重心偏向哪,哪有比较优势
7whatdoestheHeckscher-ohlintheorypostulate
Anationwillexportthecommoditywhoseproductionrequirestheintensiveuseofitsrelativeabundantandcheapfactorandimportthecommoditywhoseproductionrequirestheintensiveuseofitsrelativescarceandexpensivefactor. (Basedontheassumptions)
8whatdoesthefactor-priceequalizationtheorempostulate?
Ifsomefactorsarespecific,thespecific-factorsmodelpostulatesthattradewillhaveanambiguouseffectonthenation’smobilefactors;itwillbenefittheimmobilefactorsthatarespecifictothenation’sexportcommoditiesorsectors,andharmtheimmobilefactorsthatarespecifictothenation’simport-competingcommoditiesorsectors.
9explainwhytheHeckscher-ohlintheoryisageneralequilibriummodel
10whatismeantbytheLeontiefparadox?
TheresultofthefirstempiricaltestbyLeontiefusing1947U.S.datawastheoppositeofwhattheH-Omodelpredicted----Leontiefparadoxwhichcouldbeexplainedby:
(1)1947beinganon-representativeyear;
(2)theuseofatwo-factor(LandK)model;
(3)thefactthatU.S.tariffsgavemoreprotectiontoL-intensiveindustries;and
(4)theexclusionofhumancapitalfromthecalculations.Someempiricalstudies,however,giveconflictingresults
11whyincreasingreturnstoscalemayoccur
atalargerscaleofoperation,agreaterdivisionoflaborandspecializationbecomespossible.
(1)eachworkercanspecializeinperformingasimplerepetitivetask简单重复的工作witharesultingincreaseinproductivity.
(2)alargerscaleofoperationmaypermittheintroductionofmorespecializedandproductivemachinerythanwouldbefeasibleatasmallerscaleofoperation.
12whyintra-industryoccur
(1)takeadvantageofimportanteconomiesofscaleinproduction.
(2)Morespecializedandfastermachinerycanbedevelopedandemployedforacontinuousoperationandalongerproductionrun.
13howcaninternationaltradebasedonproductdifferentiation?
Asaresult,agreatdealofinternationaltradecananddoesinvolvetheexchangeofdifferentiatedproductsofthesameindustryorboardproductgroup.Thatis,agreatdealofinternationaltradeisintra-industrytradeindifferentiatedproductsofthesameindustryorbroadproductgroup.thatis,agreatdealofinternationaltradeisintra-industrytradeindifferentiatedproduct,asopposedtointer-industrytradeincompletelydifferentproducts.
14howcanintra-industrytradebemeasured?
⏹ X----thevalueofexportsofaparticularindustryorcommoditygroup
⏹ M----thevalueofimportsoftheindustryorcommoditygroup
⏹ ∣----verticalbarsinthenumeratoroftheformuladenotestheabsolutevalue.
15howcaninternationaltradetakeplaceaccordingtothetechnologicalgapmodel?
TheTechnologicalGapModel----agreatdealofthetradeamongindustrializedcountriesisbasedontheintroductionofnewproductsandnewproductionprocesses.Thesegivetheinnovatingfirmandnationatemporarymonopolyintheworldmarket.
Suchatemporarymonopolyisoftenbasedonpatentsandcopyrights(whicharegrantedtostimulatetheflowofinventions).
(SketchedbyPosner,1961)
16howdodifferentenvironmentalstandardsaffectindustrylocationandinternationaltrade?
Serioustradeproblemscausedbyenvironmentalpollutionbecausethepriceoftradedgoodsandservicesdoesnotfullyreflectsocialenvironmentalcosts.
17PartialEquilibrumEffectsofaTariffandCostandBenefitsofaTariff(详见P239,P241)
Foureffects
⏹Consumptioneffect(消费效应)
⏹Productioneffect(生产效应)
⏹Tradeeffect(贸易效应)
⏹Revenueeffect(收入效应)
18Whatistheprimaryfunctionoftariffsinindustrial
Nations?
indevelopingnations?
Constitutionbutareoftenappliedbydevelopingcountries
ontheirtradionalexportstogetbetterpricesandraise
revenues.developingnationsrelyheavilyonexporttariffstoraiserevenuesbecauseoftheireaseofcollection.Ontheotherhand,industrialcountriesinvariablyimposetariffsorothertraderestrictionsto
protectsomeindustry,whileusingmostlyincometaxes
toraiserevenues.
19Whatismeantbytheoptimumtariff?
TheOptimumTariff(最优关税)----atariffratethatmaximizesthenetbenefitresultingfromtheimprovementinthenation’stermsoftradeagainstthenegativeeffectreductioninthevolumeoftrade.
20Comparisonofanimportquotatoanimporttariff?
(howaretheysimilartoanddifferentfromtheeffectsofanequivalentimporttariff?
)
⏹[P275,p2]ImportquotaTariff
1)ADomesticPrice↑unchanged
⏹DomesticProduction↑unchanged
⏹BConsumptionchange+++
⏹Importchange0increased
2)Distributionoflicense[P275,p3]yesNo
☐Basesofchoicesofpotentialimporters
☐Arbitraryofficialgov’tEffic.
☐Rent-seekingyes(Ifnotauctioned)No
3)Tradeeffect[P276,p2]CertaintyUncertainty
21whatismeantbydumping?
whatarethedifferenttypes
ofdumping?
⏹theexportofacommodityatbelowcostoratleastthesalesofacommodityatalowerpriceabroadthandomestically.(一种商品以低于成本或至少以低于国内价格出售。
)
Threetypes:
⏹
(1)PersistentDumping持续性倾销[P280,p2L3]
☐InternationalPriceDiscrimination----domesticmonopolisttomaximizetotalprofits.
⏹
(2)PredatoryDumping掠夺性倾销----temporarysale[P280,p3L1]
⏹(3)SporadicDumping偶然性倾销----occasionalsale[P280,p3L4]
22WhataretherulingprinciplesofGATT?
Threebasicprinciples:
[P296,p4]
⏹
(1)Nondiscrimination----unconditionallyacceptthe“Most–favored-nationprinciple”.
⏹
(2)Eliminationofnontarifftradebarriers
⏹(3)Consultationamongnationsinsolvingtradedisputes----withintheGATTframework.
23WhatdidtheUruguryroundaccomplish?
⏹aimsduringTheUruguayround:
[P300,p4L7]
⏹
(1)Greaterliberalizationoftradeinagriculture;
⏹
(2) Services,agriculture,Trade-relatedinvestment
⏹(3)IP–IntellectualProperty;
⏹ (4)Thedisputesettlementprocedures
⏹Tariffs
⏹Quotas
⏹Antidumping
⏹Subsidies
⏹Nationalsafeguards
⏹IntellectualProperty
⏹Services
⏹Otherindustryprovisions
⏹Trade-relatedinvestmentmeasures
⏹WTO
24Whataretheoutstandingtradeproblemsfacingtheworld
Today?
⏹Subsidyandtarifftoagricultureisstillhigh[P303,p2L2]
⏹Tradeproblemsofdevelopingcountrysuchastextileandagriculture[P304,p1L5]
⏹MakenospecialprovisiontohelptheformerlycentrallyplannedeconomiesofEasternEuropeandtheformerSovietUnionestablishmarketeconomies.[P305,p1]
⏹Tendencyfortheworldtobreakup[P304,p1L5]
⏹Notdealwithlaborandenvironmentstandards[P304,p2]
25whatDynamicBenefitsarethenationsformingaCustomsUnionlikelytoreceive(嫌多可只记首句)
⏹1.Increasedcompetitionamongmemberswithinthecustomsunion:
[P328,p7L1]
☐
(1)producers----moreefficient,merge,orgooutofthebusiness;
☐
(2)stimulatethedevelopmentandutilizationofnewtechnology.
☐
(1)+
(2)→lowerproductioncost
⏹2.Economiesofscale[P329,p2L2]
☐EUhasachievedthisbyreducingtherangeofdifferentiatedproductsmanufacturedineachplantandincreasing“productionruns”.
⏹3.Thestimulustoinvestment[P329,p3]
☐
(1)takeadvantageoftheenlargedmarketandtomeettheincreasedcompetition;
☐
(2)Setupfacilitiestoavoidthe(discriminatory)tradebarriersimposedonnon-unionproducts
⏹4.Thefreecommunity-widemovementoflaborandcapital(withinsuchacommonmarketascustomsunion)[P329,p4]
⏹→Betterutilizationoftheeconomicresourcesoftheentirecommunity
26进口替代的定义