国际经济学简答.docx

1、国际经济学简答三 简答 40 point1what were the mercantilists views on trade ?the mercantilists maintained that the way for a nation to become rich and powerful was to export more than it imported2what was the basis for and the pattern of trade according to Adam Smith? Trade between two nations is based on absol

2、ute advantage. When one nation is more efficient (absolute advantage ) than another in the production of one good but is less efficient than (absolute disadvantage) the other nation in producing a second good, then both nations can gain by each specializing in the production of the good of its AA an

3、d exchanging part of its output with the other nation for the good of its absolute disadvantage (AD).3 how do gains from trade arise with comparative advantage Assumptions：Two nations, two products, one factorSuppose U.S product 6W ,or 4C use one hours U.K product 1W , or C use one hours If U.S. exc

4、hanges 6W for 6C with UK U.S gains 2C since U.S could only exchange 6W for 4C domestically. U.K gains 6W that U.K reserves from U.S would require six hours to produce in U.K . U.K could instead use these six hours to produce 12C and give up only 6C for 6W from the U.S4 Theory of Comparative Advantag

5、e (CA) - Even if one nation is less efficient than (has an AD with respect to) the other nation in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade. The first nation should specialize in the production of and export of the commodity in which its AD is smaller

6、(this is the commodity of its CA), and import the commodity in which its AD is greater (this is the commodity of its CD). And the second nation 5what are community indifference curves characteristics? Property of Indifference Curve: There are many indifference curve Further from origin means more ut

7、ility level Never cross with each other Concave Negative Slope6判断比较优势产品重心偏向哪，哪有比较优势 7what does the Heckscher-ohlin theory postulate A nation will export the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of its relative abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity whose production requi

8、res the intensive use of its relative scarce and expensive factor. (Based on the assumptions)8 what does the factor-price equalization theorem postulate? If some factors are specific , the specific-factors model postulates that trade will have an ambiguous effect on the nations mobile factors ;it wi

9、ll benefit the immobile factors that are specific to the nations export commodities or sectors ,and harm the immobile factors that are specific to the nations import-competing commodities or sectors.9explain why the Heckscher-ohlin theory is a general equilibrium model10 what is meant by the Leontie

10、f paradox?The result of the first empirical test by Leontief using 1947 U.S. data was the opposite of what the H-O model predicted -Leontief paradox which could be explained by: (1) 1947 being a non-representative year; (2) the use of a two-factor (L and K) model; (3) the fact that U.S. tariffs gave

11、 more protection to L-intensive industries; and (4) the exclusion of human capital from the calculations. Some empirical studies, however, give conflicting results11why increasing returns to scale may occur at a larger scale of operation, a greater division of labor and specialization becomes possib

12、le.(1) each worker can specialize in performing a simple repetitive task 简单重复的工作with a resulting increase in productivity.(2) a larger scale of operation may permit the introduction of more specialized and productive machinery than would be feasible at a smaller scale of operation.12 why intra-indus

13、try occur (1) take advantage of important economies of scale in production. (2)More specialized and faster machinery can be developed and employed for a continuous operation and a longer production run.13 how can international trade based on product differentiation? As a result, a great deal of inte

14、rnational trade can and does involve the exchange of differentiated products of the same industry or board product group. That is, a great deal of international trade is intra-industry trade in differentiated products of the same industry or broad product group. that is, a great deal of internationa

15、l trade is intra-industry trade in differentiated product, as opposed to inter-industry trade in completely different products.14 how can intra-industry trade be measured? X - the value of exports of a particular industry or commodity group M - the value of imports of the industry or commodity group

16、 - vertical bars in the numerator of the formula denotes the absolute value.15 how can international trade take place according to the technological gap model? The Technological Gap Model - a great deal of the trade among industrialized countries is based on the introduction of new products and new

17、production processes. These give the innovating firm and nation a temporary monopoly in the world market. Such a temporary monopoly is often based on patents and copyrights (which are granted to stimulate the flow of inventions). (Sketched by Posner, 1961)16 how do different environmental standards

18、affect industry location and international trade?Serious trade problems caused by environmental pollution because the price of traded goods and services does not fully reflect social environmental costs.17 Partial Equilibrum Effects of a Tariff and Cost and Benefits of a Tariff(详见P239,P241) Four eff

19、ects Consumption effect (消费效应) Production effect (生产效应) Trade effect (贸易效应) Revenue effect (收入效应)18 What is the primary function of tariffs in industrial Nations ? in developing nations? Constitution but are often applied by developing countrieson their tradional exports to get better prices and rai

20、serevenues. developing nations rely heavily on export tariffs to raise revenues because of their ease of collection. On the other hand, industrial countries invariably impose tariffs or other trade restrictions toprotect some industry, while using mostly income taxes to raise revenues.19 What is mea

21、nt by the optimum tariff? The Optimum Tariff （最优关税）- a tariff rate that maximizes the net benefit resulting from the improvement in the nations terms of trade against the negative effect reduction in the volume of trade.20 Comparison of an import quota to an import tariff?( how are they similar to a

22、nd different from the effects of an equivalent import tariff? ) P275,p2 Import quota Tariff1)A Domestic Price unchanged Domestic Production unchanged B Consumption change + + Import change 0 increased2) Distribution of license P275,p3 yes No Bases of choices of potential importers Arbitrary official

23、 govt Effic. Rent-seeking yes (If not auctioned) No3) Trade effect P276,p2 Certainty Uncertainty21 what is meant by dumping ? what are the different types of dumping? the export of a commodity at below cost or at least the sales of a commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically. （一种商品以低于成本或至少

24、以低于国内价格出售。）Three types: (1) Persistent Dumping 持续性倾销 P280,p2L3 International Price Discrimination - domestic monopolist to maximize total profits. (2) Predatory Dumping掠夺性倾销- temporary saleP280,p3L1 (3) Sporadic Dumping偶然性倾销- occasional saleP280,p3L422 What are the ruling principles of GATT ? Three

25、basic principles: P296,p4 (1) Nondiscrimination - unconditionally accept the “Most favored - nation principle”. (2) Elimination of nontariff trade barriers (3) Consultation among nations in solving trade disputes - within the GATT framework.23 What did the Urugury round accomplish? aims during The U

26、ruguay round: P300,p4L7 (1) Greater liberalization of trade in agriculture; (2) Services， agriculture ，Trade-related investment (3) IP Intellectual Property; (4) The dispute settlement procedures Tariffs Quotas Antidumping Subsidies National safeguards Intellectual Property Services Other industry p

27、rovisions Trade-related investment measures WTO24 What are the outstanding trade problems facing the world Today? Subsidy and tariff to agriculture is still highP303,p2L2 Trade problems of developing country such as textile and agricultureP304,p1L5 Make no special provision to help the formerly cent

28、rally planned economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union establish market economies. P305,p1 Tendency for the world to break upP304,p1L5 Not deal with labor and environment standardsP304,p225 what Dynamic Benefits are the nations forming a Customs Union likely to receive(嫌多可只记首句) 1. Inc

29、reased competition among members within the customs union: P328,p7L1 (1) producers - more efficient, merge, or go out of the business; (2) stimulate the development and utilization of new technology. (1)+(2) lower production cost 2. Economies of scale P329,p2L2 EU has achieved this by reducing the r

30、ange of differentiated products manufactured in each plant and increasing “production runs”. 3. The stimulus to investment P329,p3 (1) take advantage of the enlarged market and to meet the increased competition; (2) Set up facilities to avoid the (discriminatory) trade barriers imposed on non-union products 4. The free community-wide movement of labor and capital (within such a common market as customs union) P329,p4 Better utilization of the economic resources of the entire community26 进口替代的定义