全国高中学生化学竞赛基本要求Basic requirements of chemistry competition for senior high school stu.docx

全国高中学生化学竞赛基本要求Basic requirements of chemistry competition for senior high school stu.docx

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全国高中学生化学竞赛基本要求Basicrequirementsofchemistrycompetitionforseniorhighschoolstu

全国高中学生化学竞赛基本要求（BasicrequirementsofchemistrycompetitionforseniorhighschoolstudentsinChina）

April2007

Explain：

1.thebasicrequirementstoclearthepreliminaryandfinalquestionsoftheknowledgelevel,asthebasisoftheexaminationproposition.Thisbasic

Doesnotinvolvenationalteamselectionrequirements.

2.thecurrentmiddleschoolchemistryteachingsyllabus,thenewlyissuedordinaryhighschoolchemistrycurriculumstandard（experimentaltextbookofA1-2,B1-6）andcollegeentranceexaminationshowedthattheprovisionsofthecontentarepreliminaryrequirements.Thebasiccontentofcommonsenseandhighschoolmathematics,physics,biology,geographyandenvironmentsciencehighschooleducationofcitizens（includingthebasicknowledgeofthebasicsituationofourcountry,theuniverse,theearthandtherelatedchemicaletc.）isthecontentofchemistrycontest.Thebasicrequirementsforsomechemicalprincipleofthequantitativerelationshipbetweenmaterialstructure,solidchemistryandorganicchemistrysupplements,generallyspeaking,supplementarycontentisthenaturalgrowthpointofmiddleschoolchemistry.

Thefinalroundofthe3.basicrequirementsarebasedonthebasicrequirementsinthepreliminarysupplements.

4.,thenationalseniorhighschoolstudentschemistrycontestisaresearchstudyundertheguidanceofteachers.Itisanextracurricularactivity.Thetotalnumberofhoursafterthecompetitionisanimportantconstraintonthebasicrequirementsofthecompetition.Thebasicrequirementsofthebasicrequirementsforthe40preliminaryestimationunit（3perunithour）extracurricularactivities（Note:

40unitisbasedontwoyearsofhighschoolforabout40weeks,everyMonday,thecomputationoftheunit）;thebasicrequirementsofthefinal30additionalunitsofextracurricularactivities（includingatleast10units）（Note:

30unitin10,11andDecember,atotalofthreemonthsforabout14weeks,everyweek2~3unitcalculation）.

5.inthelastthreeyears,thesamelevelofcompetitionexaminationquestionsrelatedtotherequirementsoftheknowledge,automaticallybecomethenextcompetitionrequirements.

6.thisbasicrequirementshallbeadjustedifnecessaryandnotifiedthreemonthsbeforethecompetition.Afterthenewbasicrequirementsareenabled,thebasic

Automaticfailurerequired.

Thebasicrequirementsfor

1.significantfigures.Correctuseofeffectivefiguresinchemicalandchemicalexperiments.Quantitativeinstrument（balance,cylinder,pipettes,burettes,flaskandsoon）effectivedigitalmeasurementdata.Thereductiverulesofdigitaloperationsandthevaliddigitsoftheresultsofoperations.Therestrictionofexperimentalmethodsoneffectivenumbers.

2.gas.Standardstateofidealgas.Idealgasequationofstate.GasconstantR.Environmentalstandardpressureandsystemstandardpressure.Gasdensity.Lawofpartialpressure.Determinationprincipleofrelativemolecularmassofgas.Gassolubility（Henry'slaw）.

3.solution.Solutionconcentration.Solubility.Unitandconversionofconcentrationandsolubility.Preparationofsolution（choiceofinstrumentaccordingtoconcentrationaccuracy）.Recrystallizationmethodandestimationofsolute/solventrelativequantity.Filtrationandwashing（washingliquidselection,washingmethodselection）.Selectionofrecrystallizationandwashingsolvents（includingmixedsolvents）.Colloid.Continuousphaseofdispersesystem.Formationanddestructionofcolloids.Classificationofcolloids.Thebasicstructureofcolloids.

4.capacityanalysis.Thebasicconceptsofsubjectmatter,referencesubstance,standardsolution,indicator,titrationreaction,etc..Qualitativerelationshipbetweentitrationcurve（acidbasestrength,concentrationandsolventpolarity）ontitrationjumpofacidbasetitration.Selectionofindicatorforacidbasetitration.PotassiumPermanganate,potassiumdichromate,sodiumthiosulfate,EDTAtitrationforstandardsolutionreaction.Calculationofanalyticalresults.Theaccuracyandprecisionoftheanalysisresultsarepresented.

5.atomstructure.Thestateofthemotionofelectronsoutsidethenucleus:

s,PandDareusedtoindicatetheconfigurationofthegroundstateconfiguration（includingneutral,positiveandnegativeions）.Ionizationenergy,electronaffinityandelectronegativity.

Theperiodiclawof6.elementsandtheperiodicsystemofelements.Cycle.1-18ethnicgroups.Principalandsubordinategroups.Transitionelement.Thegenerallawofthenaturechangeofthesubordinateelementsofthemainandsubordinateracesfromtoptobottom;thegeneralregularityofthechangeoftheelementsfromlefttorightinthesamecycleelements.Atomicradiusandionicradius.Basicchemicalpropertiesandelectronicconfigurationsofatomsins,P,D,DS,andf-regions.Therelationbetweenthepositionofanelementintheperiodictableandthestructureofanouterelectron（thenumberofelectrons,thevalenceelectronlayerandthenumberofvalenceelectrons）.

Therelationbetweenthehighestoxidationstateandthefamilynumber.Diagonalrule.Therelationofmetalandnonmetaltothepositionofperiodictable.Thepositionofmetalsandnonmetalsintheperiodictable.Halfmetallic（metalloid）.Thenamesandsymbolsofimportantandcommonelementsofthemainandminorgroups,theirlocationintheperiodictable,commonoxidationstatesandmainforms.Theconceptofplatinumelements.

7.molecularstructure.Lewisstructure（electronic）.Predictionofthegeometricalconfigurationsofsimplemolecules（includingions）byvalenceelectronpairrepulsionmodels.Hybridorbitaltheoryfortheinterpretationofgeometriesofsimplemolecules（includingions）.Covalentbond.Valencebond（bond,bond）.Bondlength,bondangle,bondenergy.SigmabondandPIbond.Delocalizedpibond.Generalconceptofconjugate（delocalization）.Thegeneralconceptofanelectronbody.Polarityofbondsandpolarityofmolecules.Lawofsimilardissolution.

8.complexes.Lewis'sconceptofacidandbase.Coordinationbond.Theimportantandcommoncomplexesarethecentralions（atoms）andimportantandcommonligands（water,hydroxylions,halideions,quasihalogenions,ammoniamolecules,acidions,unsaturatedhydrocarbons,etc.）.Chelationandchelationeffects.Importantandcommoncomplexingagentsandtheirimportantandcommoncoordinationreactions.Therelationbetweencoordinationreactionandacidbasereaction,precipitationreaction,redoxreaction（qualitativedescription）.Thebasicconceptsandbasicfactsofthegeometryandisomerismofcomplexes.Hybridorbitaltheoryofcomplexes.Themagneticpropertiesandstabilityofthecomplexesareexplainedbythetheoryofhybridizationorbitals.ThecrystalfieldtheoryoftheeightbodycomplexillustratesthecolorofTi（H2O）63+.Thebasicconceptofacid-baseandimportantsofthardacidandalkaliandalkali.

9.intermolecularforce.FanDehuaforce.Hydrogenbond.Thegeneralconceptofintermolecularforces,energy,andtherelationtothepropertiesofmatter.

10.crystalstructure.Crystalcell.Atomiccoordinates.Latticeenergy.Calculationofthenumberofatomsormoleculesinaunitcellanditsrelationtothechemicalformula.Molecularcrystals,atomiccrystals,ioniccrystalsandmetalcrystals.Coordinationnumber.Crystalpackingandinterstitialmodel.ThecommoncrystalstructuretypesareNaCl,CsCl,CaF2,ZnS,diamond,graphite,selenium,ice,dryice,urea,JinHongshi,perovskite,potassium,magnesium,copperandsoon.

11.chemicalequilibrium.Equilibriumconstantandconversionrate.Ionizationconstantofweakacidandweakbase.Solubilityproduct.Usingthecalculationofequilibriumconstant.Theconceptofentropy（confusiondegree）anditsrelationwithspontaneousreactiondirection.

12.correctwritingofionicequations.

13.electrochemistry.Oxidationstate.Thebasicconceptsofoxidationreductionandthewritingandtrimmingofreactions.Primarybattery。

Electrodesymbols,electrodereactions,galvaniccellsymbols,galvaniccellreactions.Standardelectrodepotential.Determinethedirectionofthereactionandthestrengthoftheoxidantandreductantwiththestandardelectrodepotential.Electrodesymbolsandelectrodereactionsinanelectrolyticbath.Electrolysisandelectroplating.Electrochemicalcorrosion.Commonchemicalpowersource.QualitativedescriptionoftheinfluenceofpH,complexingagentandprecipitantonredoxreaction.

14.elementchemistry.Halogen,oxygen,sulfur,nitrogen,phosphorus,carbon,silicon,tin,lead,boronandaluminium.Alkalineearthmetals,alkalis,andraregases.Titanium,vanadium,chromium,manganese,iron,cobalt,nickel,copper,silver,gold,zinc,mercury,molybdenum,tungsten.Transitionelementoxidationstate.Acidityandbasicityofoxidesandhydroxides.Commoninsolublesalts.Basicclassificationandmainpropertiesofhydrides.Themorphologyandbasicpropertiesofcommoninorganicacidsandbases.Thecolor,chemicalproperties,qualitativedetection（withouttheuseofspecialreagents）andgeneralseparationmethodsofcommonionsinaqueoussolutions.Generalmethodsforpreparingelementalsubstances.

15.organicchemistry.Organiccompoundsinthesystemofbasictypes-alkanes,alkenesandalkynes,cyclichydrocarbons,aromatichydrocarbons,halogenatedhydrocarbons,alcohols,phenols,ethers,aldehydes,ketones,acids,esters,amines,amides,nitrocompound,sulfonicacidname,basicpropertiesandmutualtransformation.Isomerism.C=Caddition.Marconi'srule.C=Oaddition.Substitutionreaction.Aromatichydrocarbonsubstitution