高考英语 阅读理解之推理判断类解题技巧及典例剖析和专项练习.docx
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高考英语阅读理解之推理判断类解题技巧及典例剖析和专项练习
阅读理解之推理判断类--解题技巧及典例剖析
【考点清单】
一、推理判断类题目常见的设问方式
1.Itcanbeinferred/concluded/seenfromthepassagethat________.
2.Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanwedrawaccordingtothepassage?
3.Inwhichofthefollowingpublications(出版物)wouldthispassagemostlikelybeprinted?
4.Thepassageimplies,butdoesn'tdirectlystatethat_________.
5.Thewritersuggeststhat_________.
6.Theauthorprobablyfeelsthat_________.
7.Theauthorusestheexampleof...toshowthat_________.
8.What'stheauthor'sattitudetoward...?
【解题流程】
要做好推理判断题,需要充分阅读理解文章、分析语篇特征、寻找解题依据。
考生应该在领会全文的基础上做出正确的推理和判断。
第一步依据题干和选项及“顺序原则”确定信息源
推理判断题应该首先按照题干要求的范围进行解题,如果题目中没有提到具体的段落,那么通过“顺序原则”找到区域范围。
如果这种情况下还是不能找到信息源,就必须考虑按照题干和四个选项的信息词从全文各个角落寻找答案。
第二步比对原文和选项进行推理甄选
要注意推理的基础是原文内容,而不是自己的经验和主观判断,不可凭借自己的主观意愿腹断。
有的题目的推理即为原文具体层面的“同义归纳”。
所涉及的逻辑关系都是最简单的逻辑判断,一步即可推得,考生千万不能人为地把问题复杂化,推理很多步,反而得出错误的答案。
【推理须知】
1.直接陈述文章内容的选项不能选,要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。
2.推理不是凭空猜测,而是立足已知推断未知,因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由。
3.不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法,因此脱离原文的主观意断都是错误的。
1.隐含推断题——“逻辑关联”得结论
1.锁定题干中infer,conclude,suggest,imply,indicate,assume等词眼,明确答题方向
2.浏览四个选项,首先排除与原文信息一样的选项
隐含推断题
3.立足原文,结合语境和常识,在字面意义的基础上进行合乎逻辑的推断
典例(2016·全国Ⅱ,D片段)
Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds,itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews,andgoodnewsisnonews.Thosearetheclassicrulesfortheeveningbroadcastsandthemorningpapers.Butnowthatin-formationisbeingspreadandmonitored(监控)indifferentways,researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeople'se-mailsandonlineposts,scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.
"The'ifitbleeds'ruleworksformassmedia,"saysJo-nahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania."Theywantyoureyeballsanddon'tcarehowyou'refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon'twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner."
Q:
WhatcanweinferaboutpeoplelikeDebbieDowner?
A.They'resociallyinactive.
B.They'regoodattellingstories.
C.They'reinconsiderateofothers.
D.They'recarefulwiththeirwords.
【解题思路】
第一步速读文章,找出相关信息句,并标出进行推理判断的关键词
1.Theywantyoureyeballsanddon'tcarehowyou'refeeling.
2.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.
3.Youdon'twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.
第二步根据该题选项的特点将找到的信息改编成选项C
答案:
inconsiderateofothers/thoughtlessofothers
2.文章出处题——“专用词汇”做判断
典例(2014·安徽,A)
PersonalRobotMakeyourparentsandteachershappy!
Areyouhavingproblemsfinishingyourhomeworkontime?
Doyouavoidtidyingyourroomuntilyourmomshoutsatyou?
Youdon'tneedtoworryifyoubuyaMr.HelpingHandperson-alrobot.Mr.Hcanbeprogrammedtoorganizeyourhomework.Yourownpersonalrobotwillfollowyouaround,puttingawaybooksandobjectsthatyouhaveleftonthefloororbed.
Mr.Halsohasthesefeatures(特点):
weighsonly500grams
includeslong-lastingbatteries
comeswitha5-yearguarantee
rememberssimpleinstructions
Originally(最初)soldfor$499
NOWONLY$299
WATCHCONTROL
ThisisawatchthatJamesBondwouldbeproudtowear!
ThisisNOTawatchforordinarypeople!
YourelectronicPENGOWATCHCONTROLactsasaremotecontrolforTVsandvideos.
givesyouadailyweatherforecast.remindsyouwhentohandinyourhomework.
setsoffasilentwarningalarmwhenparentsorteachersarenear.Besides,yourPENGOWATCHCONTROLwillalwaystellyouthetimeaccurately!
Originallysoldfor$199
NOWONLY$99
Forfurtherinformation,clickhere.
Q:
Wherewouldyoubemostlikelytofindthetwotexts?
A.Onanoticeboard.
B.Inacompanybrochure.
C.Onateenagewebsite.
D.Inacollegenewspaper.
【解题思路】
第一步速读文章,结合文章语言特色找出最能体现文章出处的专用词汇
1.BUYNOW
2.forfurtherinformation,clickhere.
第二步结合选项,试进行合理推断
答案,C
3.观点态度类——“言为心声”求衰贬
典例1(2016·四川,C片段)
ThelivesofthesepeoplehavefinallybeenrecordedthankstotheeffectsofaFrenchmanfromPariscalledGin.Ginspentfivemonthsinearly2015exploringthemostremotecornersofthisarea,whichsitsontheedgeoftheAmazonrainforest,withhalfitspopulationofonly250,000livinginitscapital,Cayenne.
"IhaveaspeciallovefortheFrenchGuianesepeople.Ihaveworkedthereonandoffforalmosttenyears,"saysGin."I'vebeenabletokeepfirmfriendshipswiththem.ThusIhavebeenallowedtogainaccesstotheirlivingenvironment.Idon'tseeitasalawlessland.ButratherIseeitasanareaoffreedom."
Q:
WhatisGin'sattitudetowardsthelivesoftheindigenousGuianese?
A.Cautious.B.Doubtful.C.Uninterested.D.Appreciative.
【解题思路】
第一步速读文章,找出相关信息句,并标出关键词
1haveaspeciallovefortheFrenchGuianesePeople.
2Idon'tseeitasalawlessland.
3ButratherIseeitasanareaoffreedom.
第二步结合文章主题,进行合理推断
答案:
D
典例2(2017·全国Ⅱ,C片段)
TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle-namedtheTransition——hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.
Around100peoplehavealreadyputdowna$10,000de-posittogetaTransitionwhentheygoonsale,andthosenumberswilllikelyriseafterTerrafugiaintroducestheTransitiontothepubliclaterthisweekattheNewYorkAutoShow.Butdon'texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It'sexpectedtocosts279,000.Anditwon'thelpifyou'restuckintraffic.Thecarneedsarunway.
Inventorshavebeentryingtomakeflyingcarssincethe1930s,accordingtoRobertMann,anairlineindustryexpert.
ButMannthinksTerrafugiahascomecloserthananyonetomakingtheflyingcarareality.Thegovernmenthasalreadyper-mittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.TheTransitionisnowgoingthroughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.
Q:
Whatisthegovernment'sattitudetothedevelopmentoftheflyingcare
A.Cautious.B.Favorable.C.Ambiguous.D.Disapproving.
【解题思路】
第一步速读文章,找出相关信息句,并标出关键词
Thegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecialmaterialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.
第二步结合文章主题,进行合理推断
答案:
B
1.写作意图类——“体裁主旨”寻意图
写作意图
(2017·全国Ⅱ,A片段)
SupportPacificScienceCenter
Since1962,PacificScienceCenterhasbeeninspiringapassion(热情)fordiscoveryandlifelonglearninginscience,mathandtechnology.Today,PacificScienceCenterservesmorethan1.3millionpeopleayearandbringsinquiry-basedscienceeducationtoclassroomsandcommunityeventsalloverWashingtonState.It'sanamazingaccomplishmentandonewecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.Visitpacificscience-center,orgtofindvariouswaysyoucansupportPacificScienceCenter.
Q:
Whatisthepurposeofthelastpartofthetext?
A.Toencouragedonations.
B.Toadvertisecomingevents.
C.Tointroducespecialexhibits.
D.TotellabouttheCenter'shistory.
【解题思路】
第一步速读文章,找出相关信息句,标出关键词
①wecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.
②Visitpacificsciencecenter,orgtofindvariouswaysyoucansupportPacificScienceCenter.
第二步与选项进行对比得出答案
答案:
A
[干扰项分析]
该部分的写作目的是鼓励人们以各种方式支持太平洋科学中心,也就是鼓励人们捐款,故选A项。
B、C两项无中生有,该部分没有提到“宣传即将举行的活动”和“介绍特殊的展览”。
D项曲解文意,该部分提到了自1962年以来太平洋科学中心做的事情,但这不是为了讲述该中心的历史,而是为下文鼓励人们捐款作铺垫。
5.篇章结构类——“写作思路”辨结构
典例(2015.·湖北,E片段)
Onthewhole,Brooks'sstoryisacceptableifuninspired.Asonewouldexpect,hiswritingismostlyclearand,tobefair,somechaptersstandoutabovetherest.Ienjoyed,forinstance,thechapterinwhichHarolddiscovershowtothinkonhisown.
WhileHaroldandEricaarecertainlynotstrongormemorablecharacters,themoreseriousproblemswithTheSocialAnimallieelsewhere.TheseproblemspartlyinvolveBrooks'sattempttotranslatehistaleintoscience.
Q:
Whatistheauthorlikelytowriteaboutafterthelastparagraph?
A.Problemswiththebook.
B.Brooks'slifeexperiences.
C.Deathofthecharacters.
D.Brooks'stranslationskills.
【解题思路】
第一步找出相关信息句
WhileHaroldandEricaarecertainlynotstrongormemorablecharacters,themoreseriousproblemswithTheSocialAnimallieelsewhere.TheseproblemspartlyinvolveBrooks'sat-tempttotranslatehistaleintoscience.
第二步结合文体特点,进行合理推断
根据第五句可知,这本书中存在很多严重的问题,有些问题是Brooks企图用科学去解释他所写的故事。
由此可推断出,接下来文章可能要讲到这本书中存在的一些问题,A项符合文章内容。
答案:
A
推理判断类专项练习
【分类真题】
(2019年全国卷二.B)
"Youcanusemeasalastresort(选择),andifnobodyelsevolunteers,thenIwilldoit."ThiswasanactualreplyfromaparentafterIputoutarequestforvolunteersformykids'lacrosse(长曲棍球)club.
Iguessthatthere'sprobablysomedemandingworkschedule,orsocialanxietyaroundsteppinguptohelpforanunknownsport.Shemayjustneedalittlepersuading.SoItryagainandtugattheheartstrings.ImentionthesingleparentwithfourkidsrunningtheshowandItalkaboutthedadcoachingateamthathiskidsaren’tevenon…Atthispointtheunwillingparentspeaksup,"Alright.Yes,I’lldoit."
I’msecretlyrelievedbecauseIknowthere’srealpowerinsharingvolunteerresponsibilitiesamongmany.Theunwillingparentorganizesthemealschedule,sendsoutemails,andcollectsmoneyforend-of-seasongifts.Somewherealongtheway,thesameparentendsupbecominganinvaluablememberoftheteam.Thecoachisabletofocusonthekidswhiletheotherparentsarerelievedto