环境工程专业英语文献中英双语版.docx

环境工程专业英语文献中英双语版.docx

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环境工程专业英语文献中英双语版

Treatmeｎtofgeoｔhermalwatersfoｒpｒoｄuｃtionof

induｓtrial,　agｒiculturalｏrdrｉnｋiｎgwatｅr

Darreｌl　L.Ｇallup∗

Cheｖron　Ｃorｐoｒａtion,Energy　ＴechnolｏgyCｏmｐany,３901　Ｂriａrｐａrk　Ｄr.，Hｏusｔon，Ｔｅxaｓ７7042,UＳA

Reｃeｉｖed14Ｍarcｈ　2007；acｃeptｅd16Julｙ200７

Avaiｌableｏnｌine　1２　Sｅｐtｅmber2０0７

Ａbstract

Ａ　conｃeptualｓｔudyhas　beenｃａrrieｄｏutｔo　ｃonｖｅrｔ　ｇeoｔｈermalwatｅｒandcｏndeｎsatｅｉntoa　valuaｂle　ｉndｕstriａl,agriculｔｕralｏｒ　drｉnｋiｎgwaterｒeｓoｕｒｃｅ.Ｌａboratoｒyａndfieｌｄｐilotteｓｔ　studieswereuseｄfortｈe　cｏnceｐtual　dｅsiｇｎs　anｄpreｌimｉｎarｙｃoｓtｅｓtimaｔｅs,referｒedtｏ　treatment　faｃiｌitieshａnｄlinｇ750ｋg/soｆgeｏｔｈeｒmaｌｗaｔｅrand３50ｋg/sｏｆ　steamｃoｎdensatｅ．　Theexperｉｍeｎts　dｅｍoｎstraｔed　ｔhａt　industrｉal,agricultuｒaｌand　drｉnkiｎgwater　staｎｄａrｄｓcｏuldｐｒｏbａblｙbe　met　byａdoptｉngcertａinopeｒaｔingcoｎｄｉｔｉons.Sｉxdiffereｎｔｔreatmenｔsｗerｅeｘamined.Ｕnｉtｐrocessesfｏr　geothermａlwａter/ｃoｎｄeｎsａteｔrｅaｔmｅnｔiｎcluｄedｅsilicaｔioｎ　oftｈｅwａteｒs　ｔoprodｕce　maｒkeｔabｌｅ　mineｒａｌs，rｅmovalofｄissｏlvedsoliｄsｂｙrevｅrseosmosisor　evapｏratｉon,reｍｏｖａlofａrｓｅniｃbｙｏxidａtion／ｐrecipｉtation，aｎdremｏvalofboroｎbyｖａｒiousｍeｔhodsinｃｌudingｉoｎ　excｈanｇe．Ｔhetotａｌ　ｐrｏjecｔcostｅｓｔimａｔｅs，witｈanaccuracy　ofａpproxiｍatｅｌｙ±２５％,ranged　ｆrｏm　ＵS＄10to7８millｉoｎin　caｐiｔａl　coｓｔ,wiｔh　aｎｏｐｅratｉｏnanｄmaｉntenance（orprｏduｃt）ｃｏstrangingfｒomUS$　0．15　tｏ2.７3m−３　ｏftreateｄwａter．

©200７CＮR.Puｂliｓhｅd　bｙ　ElsｅvｉeｒＬtｄ.　Ａll　riｇhtsｒｅservｅd.

Ｋeywｏrds:

Gｅotｈｅrmalwａｔeｒｔreatment;　Ｗａｔerreｓｏurｃeｓ;Ｄesilｉcatioｎ;Arｓeniｃ;Ｂorｏn

１.Ｉｎtrｏductｉon

Ｗith　the　worｌｄ　ｅnterinｇanageofwatｅｒｓｈoｒtages　aｎｄaｒｉdfarｍiｎg　land，it　ｉｓ　iｎｃreasinglｙiｍpｏrｔanｔ　thatｗe　findwａys　ofrｅcｙｃｌｉｎgwastｅｗatｅｒ.　Tｈｅoｉl，　gas　anｄgeｏtherｍaliｎdｕsｔries,fｏrexample,extｒacｔmａｓsiｖeamountｓofｂrine　andwaterfrｏmthｅsubsｕrface,moｓｔofwhich　ａｒeinjecｔed　backintoundｅrgrｏundforｍaｔions.　Hｏｌisｔicapproacｈesto　ｗａtermaｎagemenｔaｒebeinｇａｄｏｐtedevermorefｒｅquｅntｌy,anｄprｏducedwatｅrisnｏｗ　beingｃonｓideredasapｏtｅntiaｌ　rｅsourcｅ.In　ｔheｏiland　gasarｅna，attｅmpｔshａvｅ　beenmaｄeto　convert　pｒoｄucedwaｔｅrｆｏrdｒiｎking　supplyorothｅｒreuses（Dｏｒaｎetal.,1９98）．Turniｎgoiｌｆiｅld-produｃedwaterｉｎtoavａluable　reｓｏｕｒｃeentaｉls　ａｎｕndeｒstandingofｔｈeenviｒoｎmental　aｎｄeｃonomｉcｉmｐｌiｃａtｉoｎs，aｎdofthetechniｑuesｒeqｕiredｔoremoｖe　dｉssｏｌvedｏrganic　andinｏrｇaｎｉｃcｏmponｅnts　frｏmthewａｔeｒｓ.Ｔreaｔmenｔsofｇeoｔhermａｌwateraｎdｃｏndeｎsａteｆｏｒｂeneficiａluse,on　ｔhe　othｅr　hａｎｄ,ｉnvｏlｖｅ　therｅｍovaｌ　ｏｆiｎorｇanic　comｐoneｎtsoｎｌｙ．

Wehａve　eｘplｏｒed　thｅ　technicalaｎdecｏnomicfｅａsiｂiｌｉtyoｆreuｓｉng　watersａndsｔeaｍｃondensａｔｅsfrｏmexistｉng　ａｎｄ　fuｔurｅ　geotｈｅｒmalpowerplants.Ｐroducｅd　geotｈermal　flｕiｄs，especiaｌｌy　ｉｎarｉdcｌｉmates,should　bevieweｄasｖalｕableｒeｓources　ｆｏrinｄusｔrｙaｎdaｇricｕlture,aｓｗellａsfordrinkｉng　wａteｒsuｐpliｅｓ.Ｔhis　ｐａperpreｓenｔｓtheresults　ofｌaborａｔoryａndｆieｌdpilotｓｔudiｅsdesignedtｏconveｒtｇeｏtherｍal-pｒoducedｆｌuidsｉntobeneficiaｌlyusablewaｔer．Thepｒｅlｉminａryeｃｏnｏｍｉｃs　ｏfsｅvｅrａlwateｒtreatmentｓtｒategies　are　ａlsoprovideｄ.

2.Deｓignlayout

Thelayoｕtｆorthｅ　treatmeｎｔ　strategiｅs（ｕnitsofｏperａtioｎ）　ｈａveｂeｅｎ　desiｇnｅdｓpeciｆｉcａlｌyforaｎoｍinal50Mｗegｅotheｒmalｐｏｗer　pｌanｔｌocａtｅdｉnａｎaｒid　clｉmatｅof　tｈeｗeｓｔｅrｎhemｉｓphere,hereafterreferredtｏ　ａsthetest　ｐlant.　Theaｖerageconcenｔｒaｔioｎoｆconｓtｉtｕｅｎtsiｎtheproducｅd　ｗatｅris　ｓｈowｎin　Tａｂlｅ　1．Tｈｅaｍouｎtofsｐent　wateｒfromｔhｅtesｔ　flasｈplａntiｓ　∼７5０kg/s.The　poｔｅntｉａlａｍｏuｎtofsｔｅａmconｄensaｔeｔhaｔcouldbe　producｅdａt　theplant　is∼350ｋg／ｓ．　Ｔaｂｌｅ　1includestheｃｏｍpoｓitionｏfｔｈesｔeamｃondｅｎsａtederived　ｆromｗellteｓts.The　ｓixtreatmentcａses　consiｄereｄiｎtｈestuｄyaｒegiｖen　in　Table2,　toｇｅtherwｉｔhpｒｏductfloｗｓanduｎitｏpｅｒatioｎｓoftreaｔｍenｔ.Fig．1prｏｖideｓsimplｉfｉｅdscｈeｍatic　layoｕtsoftheｕnitｏperａtｉonsforeaｃhcase.

３.Evaluationoftreatｍenｔoptionｓ

Ｉnthis　sｅｃｔｉonthevarｉousｏpeｒationscoｎｓｉｄeｒedfoｒeaｃh　caseａreｄescribed.

3.1.Arsenicremoｖａｌ

Ｔhetechniquｅsｃonsiｄeｒeｄviable　ｆorremoviｎgtｒaceｓofａrｓeｎｉc　（Aｓ）fromcondenｓateoｒ　fromwａｔeraｒeozoneoxidatｉｏnｆｏlloｗｅdbyｉroｎco－ｐrecipitaｔｉonｏr　catalｙzｅdpｈｏto-ｏxiｄａtionprocｅｓｓeｓ　（Ｋhｏeetal.,1997）．Otherｐroceｓsesforｅxtｒaｃting　Ａsfrｏｍ　geothermａl　watｅrs（ｅ．g.　RothbaumａndAｎdｅｒton,1975;Umeno　ａnd　Iwａnａga,1998;Pａscuaetaｌ.,2007）haveｎot　beenｃonsideｒｅdin　theprｅｓｅntstuｄy.Inthecasｅoｆｔheteｓtpｌant,oｚｏｎｅ　（Ｏ３）ｗｏuld　ｂegeｎｅratedon-sｉtｅ　usiｎg　pａｒasｉtic　ｐoｗeｒ，aiｒ　aｎd　ｃorｏｎａ-discｈargeuｌｔｒa-violet（UV）　lamps，anｄirｏnｉnｔｈe　formofferriｃsｕｌfatｅ[Fe2（SＯ４）3]oｒｆeｒriｃ　ｃｈloride（FeＣｌ３）　thatwoｕｌd　bedeliveredｔothｅgeothermal　plａｎｔ.　Theｐhoｔo-oxｉdatｉｏnｐrocessescｏnｓisｔ　oｆｔreatｉｎgthecondensateoｒ　watｅrｗitｈFe2+intｈeforｍoｆferrｏus　sｕlfaｔe（ＦeSO4）ｏrfeｒrｏuscｈloｒiｄｅ（FeCl2），　ｏr　wiｔh　SO２photoabｓorberｓ.Theｌattｅris　geｎｅrａted　fｒomthe　oxiｄａtionoｆH2Sinturｂｉneventgas　（KiｔzandＧａlluｐ,　１997）.

Tｈe　pｈotｏ－ｏxｉdaｔion　ｐrocessｃonsisｔs　ｏfspaｒｇinｇaｉr　thｒough　tｈｅphoto-　adsorbｅr-treatedfluid,ａnd　tｈｅnirrａdiａｔing　itwithＵＶｌampsor　ｅxposｉng　it　ｔosunlighttｏoxiｄizeAｓ3+ｔoＡｓ5+.　Inｔhe　Ｆｅphoto-ｏxidatioｎ　mｏde,theFe2+　isoxidｉzedtoＦe3+,　whicｈ　ｎotoｎlｙcatａlｙｚesｔheoｘｉｄaｔｉoｎreａction,　ｂｕt　alｓocｏ－pｒecipｉtateｓ　thｅAｓ.In　ｔｈe　ＳＯ２phoｔｏ-oｘidaｔiｏnmodｅ，afｔｅroｘｉdiziｎgtheAs,FｅCl3or　Fe2（ＳO4）３isadded　tothｅwatertoｐreｃipitate　the　Ａs5＋ａsaｓcorodite－ｌikemineral

Table1

Aｐprｏxiｍaｔｅgｅｏtｈermalｗａteranｄstｅａmｃondenｓａtecompｏsitionｓ　aｓｓuｍｅdintheｓｔｕｄｙ

aＴotaldｉssｏlved　soliｄs.

Tabｌｅ　2

Summａryoｆtｈeｓｉxcaｓesof　geotherｍａlfluidtreatｍeｎt　to　pｒoｄucemarｋeｔablｅwater

aOn　treatmentofｗaｔeｒ,cｌaysａreｐroｄucedat　ａ　ratｅ　oｆ7.4tｏn／h．

（FeAsO4·２H2O）.In　tｈelabｏｒatoｒyａｎd　ｆieｌｄpilotｔests,　tｈephotｏ-aｂsorberanｄ　ＵVdosages　wereｖaried　ｔo　decreasｅthｅAｓcoｎｃｅntratioｎｉngeotherｍalfｌuidstobｅlowthedｅtection　ｌiｍit　of2ppb　（Simmonｓetal.,２０02）.　ReｓｉｄｕalＡsiｎｔｈｅ　precipｉtaｔｅmay　besluｒｒｙ-inｊectedinｔｏawaｔｅrｄispoｓaｌ　wｅlｌor　fixed/stａbilized　foｒland　disｐoｓaｌtomeet　ＵｎitedStａtes　EnviｒonmentalProtectioｎ　Agenｃy（USＥPA）ＴoxｉcｉｔyCｈaracｔeｒizatｉonLeａchProcedｕrｅ（ＴCＬＰ）limitｓusinｇｓpｅcｉalｃemenｔforｍulatiｏnｓ　（Aｌlen,1９96）.

3.2.　Iｏneｘcｈangｅ

Sｔroｎg-ｂaseaｎiｏn　exchaｎgeresiｎｓ　haveｂeｅnｓｈowntorｅmoｖetrａcｅｓｏｆAs　in　geotherｍａlｆluids　pｒovidedthatthe　ａmorpｈoｕsｓｉlicais　decreasedbelｏw　itssａturatioｎｐoｉｎtorthe　waterｓtabilizｅd　ａgａinstsｉlicaｓcaliｎｇbyａcｉdiｆicａtion.Theioｎ　ｅxchanｇｅａｌteｒnatiｖetoAｓｒeｍｏvａｌ　bｙoｘiｄａｔion/preｃｉpitatｉonhaspｒovensucｃesｓfulinrｅducingthecoｎｃenｔraｔionｓoｆthis　eｌemeｎtto　beｌoｗｔheｌｉmｉtssetｆoｒdｒiｎking　ｗatｅrstandards.Ａｓparｔ　ofｔｈepresentｓtudｙ,ｌaborａtoryandfieｌdcolumnarｔesｔswｅresuｃｃessfully　conduｃteｄwith　gｅotｈermal　hotsｐringwａtｅrcontaｉniｎｇ30pｐｍAｓ.Ｐre-ｏxiｄaｔion　oｆ　As3+iｓ　ｒeｑuｉredtoａchｉevｅａｃcepｔableAｓrｅmovalbｙ　ioｎｅxchangｅ.　Inthｅｓｅcolumｎａrteｓts,　NaOClandH2O2wereuｓedtｏpre-treatthehotspringwａｔertooｘidizeAｓ3+toAs5+.Ｃhｌorｉde-ricｈwatｅｒ,whｉcｈhａdbｅen　ｔreatedwｉtｈliｍe　（CaOＨ2）andfiltｅredto　reduｃeamｏrphoｕs　siｌicato　wｅllｂelｏwｉtｓｓaｔuｒａtionpoinｔ,sｕcceｓｓfuｌlyｒegeｎerated　ｔhe　reｓin.Iｎ　tｈefiｅlｄ，ａndｆorsimplｉcityｏｆ　operaｔiｏn,weconcｌudｅｄthatozｏne/Ｆeco－preciｐｉｔatｉonorcatalyｚｅdpｈｏto－ｏxiｄationwould　ｂｅ　ｐrefeｒreｄfor　ｗaterｔreatment　ovｅrion　eｘｃhanｇｅas　ｔｈiｓ　wｏuldelｉminaｔe　tｈe　nｅｅd　toｐｕrcｈaｓeaｎdtｒanｓpoｒtadditioｎalchemiｃals．On　the　otherｈaｎd，ion　exｃｈange　iｓanaｔtｒaｃtive　option　foreｘtraｃtｉngＡs　ｆromcoｎdeｎsａｔe．

Specｉaliｏｎ-exｃhange　resｉnshaveｐroｖeｎｓｕｃceｓsfuｌinremoｖingboron（B）fｒｏｍgeothermａlfluｉｄｓ（Ｒeceｐoglｕ　ａndＢｅkｅr，　19９１；　Gaｌlup，1９9５）.Hot　spriｎg　waterｆrｏmthｅgeothｅｒmalｆield,cｏntaining　25ppm　Ｂ,ｈadｉts　Bcontentdｅcreasedｔo<１ppmｉn　ａlａboｒatoｒyｃolumnartest.Thｅｒesinｗaｓ　regenｅratｅｄ　withｓulfuricacid（Ｈ2ＳO4）．Ｎodetｅｒiorationinrｅｓinperfｏrmancｅwasoｂserveｄｕpto10　ｌoａding　andrｅgｅnｅraｔｉoncycles．　

Fｉg.1.　Flｏｗｃｈａrｔoｆｔｈeｂasic　uｎiｔ　operations　ｉnvolvedｉntｒeatment　cases1–6.

3.3．pHａｄjｕstment

Tｈｅmaｊorｉty　of　ｔhｅ　caseｓｃｏｎsｉdered　inthisstｕdyreｑｕireadｊuｓtmenttopH.Addingsodaaｓh（Na2CO3）ｃａn　increaseｔhebｕffeｒingｃaｐacｉｔｙoｆtｈｅｗateranｄcｏnｄｅnｓate.Ｓodaasｈ　or　lｉmｅtｒeatmｅｎｔcan　ａｌso　beused　ｔoenhanceprecipitationofｃeｒtａinｓpeｃiｅｓ.ＰuｒchasｅｄH2SO４,ｏn－site　ｇeneratｅdｓulｆuｒoｕsacid　（H2SＯ3）or　ｏn-siｔeｇeｎｅrateｄ　hｙｄrｏｃhｌorｉｃ　acid（HCｌ）canbｅ　usedtｏacidifywaterstｏmeeｔｒeusereqｕirementsoｒ　toiｎhibit　ｓiｌicascalｉng（Hirｏwataｒi，1996;Kｉｔz　andGａlluｐ,1９97；　Gａｌlup,20０2）.Aｎuｍber　oｆgｅｏtheｒmａlｐowｅrplanｔsａｒoundtheｗoｒｌdutilizewａｔer　aｃidificaｔiontoｉnhｉｂitsiliｃa　scａlｉng.Unocａl　CorｐｏraｔioncommｅｎｃedｔｈisprａcticeｏfｐHaｄjustmentoｆ　hotandcoldgeoｔｈｅrmａlｆｌuiｄsinｃomｍercialopeｒａtiｏnsintｈeearly　1980s（Ｊoｓtａｎd　Galluｐ,1985;Galluｐetal.,1９93;　Gａｌlup，1996）．Iｎwaｔeｒ　acidificationthｅｐH　is　reducｅｄ　ｓlightly　soastosｌoｗｄoｗnｔheｓｉlｉcａpｏlymerizａtｉonrｅａｃｔｉonkinetics　wｉthoutsignificaｎtly　iｎｃrｅasing　coｒrosiｏｎｒateｓ.

3.4.Cｏolｉng　ｐonds

In　thｉsｗaterpｒocesｓingoptioｎ,tｈe　ｗａteriscooleｄinopeｎ，　lｉneｄ　pｏｎdsprioｒ　tｏinjｅctionｏr　ｔｒeatmentforbeｎeｆicialuse.　Theｆlaｓhedｗater　ｉｓaｌｌowｅdtoflｏwiｎto　thepｏnd　wｈeｒｅit“ａｇes”forupｔo３ｄａyｓ；ｔｈｉsisasuffｉcienｔｌenｇtｈｏf　tiｍetoａchieveamoｒｐhｏussｉｌicaｓaｔurationatambientｔeｍperａｔurｅ,whichｉｓaｓsumｅdto　ｂｅbelow2０　◦Cmostｏｆ　ｔｈeyｅａr.Aｄjustment　ofthｅ　ｗatｅｒｐHto8．0±0.５withsoｄaashorlimeenhanceｓwaｔeｒdesilicatｉon,resuｌtｉng　inundeｒｓａturatioｎｗitｈ　resｐｅcｔ　to　aｍoｒpｈous　silica（Ｇａｌlupｅｔal．，２003）．Aｔ１５◦Ｃ,　thｅ　solubiliｔyofamｏrphｏｕｓ　silicａｉn　ｔheｗaｔｅr　ｉｎourtestfielｄis　prｅｄiｃted　tobe　about９0ppm　（Fournier　ａnｄMarｓｈalｌ,1983）．Inalargebotｔlｅ,fｉelｄ　ｗａterwａｓadjustｅｄfrom　ｐＨ７.2to8.1wｉthsoｄa　aｓh　andalｌoｗedtocoｏlｔo15　◦Ｃoｖeｒaperｉodof90miｎ.Thereｓultａntdissolvedｓilｉca[Ｓi（OH）4]concentｒationin　thｅsuperｎatａnt　ｆｌuidwａs5４　pｐm（undｅrsaｔuratｅｄbyａbout40%）.

3.5.Fｉｌtra