大学英语阅读题以及答案.docx

大学英语阅读题以及答案.docx

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大学英语阅读题以及答案

窗体顶端

∙阅读理解

（共75小题,75分）

窗体底端

 作业与测试 > 测试分析

阅读理解75题，总分值：

75分

Directions：

Readthefollowingpassagescarefully.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedsentences.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswertoeachquestion.

Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofcountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilized（利用）tothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesordevelopresourceshitherto（到目前为止）unexploited;ortheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.

Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovations（创新）forthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEurope,theprocessofindustrialization—withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed—wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.

1）

Whatisbelievedtodirectlyaffectthewelfareofpeopleaccordingtothepassage?

A. Varyingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrol

B. Economicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.

C. Economistsandoperationalresearchexperts.

D. Helpofspecializedscientists.

2）

Howcanthegovernmentsdotopromotetheproduction?

A. Byinterferingindifferentsectorsthatcanpromotescienceandtechnologytoensuresmoothoperation

B. Byaskingthescientistsandtechnologiststoimproveefficiency.

C. Byutilizingnaturalresourcestothebestadvantage.

D. Bychangingthestructureofeducationtotrainmorescientists.

3）

Whatcanbeinferredfromthedevelopmentinmass-communications?

A. Peopleareconstantlychangingtheircustomsandideas.

B. Peoplealwayswantsomethingnewandremarkabletofeelbetter.

C. Governmentsareundergreaterpressureofbringingaboutnewinventions.

D. Governmentsareoftenforcedtokeepupwithnewcustomsandideas.

4）

Whathasposedpressuresandproblemsforthegovernmentsconcernedaccordingtothepassage?

A. Socialchangesthroughouttheworldarespeedingupcomparedwiththepast.

B. Therateofsocialchangesintheearlyindustrializedcountriesisbecomingslownow.

C. Thefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternscanbespreadoverinadevelopingcountrywithinadecade.

D. Thenormalrateofsocialchangesistakingplaceatasteadyspeed.

5）

Whyaregovernmentsbecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientists?

A. Becausegovernmentsneedtohandlesocialstressesandproblems.

B. Becausegovernmentswanttolearnfromearlyindustrializedcountries.

C. Becausegovernmentshavetomakemodernmeansoftransportrelativelyeasy.

D. Becausegovernmentsneedthemfortheindustrializationoftheirowncountries.

参考答案：

1） B     2） A     3） C     4） A     5） A  

解析：

（无）

∧收起解析

Whydosmokerstendtoweighlessthannonsmokersandgainweightwhentheygiveupthehabit?

Contraryto“commonknowledge”,nonsmokersdonotgenerallyeatmorethansmokers,nordotheyexerciseless,studiesfind.Researchperformedonsmokersatrestindicatesthatnicotine（尼古丁）itselfcanincreasebasalmetabolic（新陈代谢的）rates,meaningsmokersburnmoreenergythannonsmokersduringperiodsofinactivity.Butsurveyssuggestmostsmokerssmokenotwhilecompletelyatrest,butwhileperforminglightactivitiessuchasdeskworkthatcanincreasemetabolicratesbytwoorthreetimes.Unlessnicotine’smetaboliceffectsincreaseproportionallywithmetabolicrates,itsinfluenceonweightmightbeinsignificant.

Nowastudyshowsthatnicotine’seffectsonbody-fuelconsumptionindeedincreaseproportionallywithincreasesinactivity.“Theseresultsindicatethatthemetaboliceffectofnicotinemayplayagreaterpartinaccountingforbody-weightdifferencesbetweensmokersandnonsmokersthanwaspreviouslybelieved,”saysKennethA.PerkinsandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofPittsburghSchoolofMedicine.

Theresearchersgaveanicotinenosespraytoindividualsperforminglightwork—inthiscaseridinganexercisebicyclemodifiedtoalloweasyridingwhilesubjectsremainseatedinacomfortablearmchair.Theactivityraisedrestingmetabolicratestwotothreetimes.

Byanalyzingairbreathedout,theresearcherscalculatedenergyconsumptioninthearmchairbicyclistsbeforeandaftergivingthenosesprayandcomparedtherelativechangeswithsubjectsinthecontrolgroupgivenplacebo（（试验药物用的）无效对照剂）nosesprays.Relativetotheirbaselinebicycleexpenditures,individualsinthenicotinegroupexpendedconsiderablymoreenergythandidthoseincontrolgroupwhiledoingthesameamountofwork.Withnicotine,Perkinssays,“It’sasifthebodyisbecomingmuchlessefficientinusingitsstoredenergy.”

Whiletheresultsmayseemdiscouragingtosmokerswho’dliketoquitwithoutgainingweight,Perkinsnotesthatwalkinganextramileadayshouldmakeupforthedifferenceinmetabolicefficiency.Andhesayssmokerswouldhavetogain“wellmorethan50pounds”tocounterbalancethehealthrisksofcontinuedsmoking.

6）

Whatmight“commonknowledge”sayaboutsmokersandnonsmokers?

A. Smokerseatmoreandexerciselessthannonsmokers.

B. Smokerseatlessandexercisemorethannonsmokers.

C. Smokerseatmoreandexercisemorethannonsmokers.

D. Smokerseatlessandexerciselessthannonsmokers.

7）

Whenmightnicotineinfluencesmokers’weightsignificantly?

A. Whilesmokersareatrest.

B. Whilesmokersareexercising.

C. WhenNicotine’smetaboliceffectsandmetabolicratesincreaseatthesamerate.

D. WhenNicotine’smetaboliceffectsincreaseproportionallywiththeamountoflightactivities.

8）

Theword“subjects”inthefourthparagraphmeans.

A. researchers

B. addictedsmokers

C. peopleundermedicaltreatment

D. peopleundergoinganexperiment

9）

Whathavetheresearchersfoundoutintheirstudy?

A. Peopleinthenicotinegroupconsumedmoreenergy.

B. Peopleinthecontrolgroupbreathedoutmoreair.

C. Peoplewithoutnicotinenosesprayarebecomingmuchlessefficientinusingenergy.

D. Peopleinthearmchairexpendedmoreenergythanpeopledoingdeskwork.

10）

Whydothestudyresultsseemdiscouragingtosomesmokersaccordingtothepassage?

A. Becausetheywanttokeepfitwithouthavingtoquitsmoking.

B. Becausetheywanttoquitsmokingandstillkeepfit.

C. Becausetheywanttogainweighttotacklethehealthrisksofcontinuedsmoking.

D. Becausetheywanttowalkinganextramileadaytolosesomeweight.

参考答案：

6） B     7） C     8） D     9） A     10） B     

解析：

（无）

∧收起解析

Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.Inshort,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends（声称）,thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerable（无数的）directions.

Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovation（创新）havelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.

Thecoreoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherth