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英语语用学论文
英语语用学论文
TheCooperativePrincipleofPragmatics:
AnAnalysisoftheVerbalHumourintheSitcomHomewithKids
Sincethelanguagewasborn,theresearchofithasneverinterrupted.Humoristhespiceofourlives,leaveitthelifewillbeboring.PragmaticsisamainbranchofLinguistics,withthedevelopmentofpragmatictheory,linguistsandhobbyistsfrommanyanglesanalysisonverbalhumorandachievedfruitfulresults.Whilecooperativeprinciple,asoneofthemostimportantpragmaticprinciple,makesasystemicstudyaboutlanguageuseandlaysasolidfoundationforlaterdevelopmentofpragmatics.Theviolationofcooperativeprinciplecanoftengenerateconversationalimplicatureorachievecertaincommunicativeeffects.Onthebasisofprevioushumourandpragmatictheoryresearch,Iwillanalysisfromthepointofthecooperativeprincipleofthoseverbalhumourdialogueinthesitcom"HomewithKids",whichreflectsthedailylifeofarebuiltfamilyandattractsmanyChineseaudiencesbyitscreatingwriting,goodactingaswellasitswonderfultranscripts.
1.FourMaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple
In1975,thelanguagephilosopherH.P.Gricepublishedaseminalarticleentitled“TheCooperativePrinciple”whichcreatedquiteastirinthelinguisticworldandgeneratedalargenumberoflinguisticpublicationsthatarebuiltonGrice'spostulates.
AccordingtoGrice,inconversationalexchange,peopleusuallytrytoreachacommongoalbymutualeffortsoratleastmaketheconversationdevelopinthedirectionoftheirexpectation.Toachievethis,peopleneedtocooperatewitheachother.Grice'theoryofthecooperativeprincipleexplainshowitispossibleforthespeakertoconveymorethanwhatisliterallysaidandfoethehearertounderstand.
ThefourmaximsofCPareQuantityMaxim,QualityMaxim,MannerMaximandRelationMaxim.Themaximofquantityhastwosub-maximsthatrequirethecooperativespeakertosayasmuchasbutnomorethanisrequiredforhisparticularpurposesinthetalkexchange.Themaximofqualityalsohastwosub-maxims,whichdemandsthatthespeakersayonlywhathebelievestobetrueandforwhichhehassufficientevidence.Themaximofrelationurgesthespeakertomakehiscontributionrelevanttothecommunicationcontext.Themaximofmannerrequiresthespeakertobemethodicalandtoavoidambiguity,prolixity,andobscurity.Inshort,asGriceputitforthecooperativeprinciple,"makeyour
conversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged".Thecooperativeprincipleisthefoundationofpragmaticinterpretationofhumor,ofwhichthefloutingofmaximsplaysaveryimportantrole.
2.FloutingsofCPMaximsandHumorProduction
Inactualconversation,aparticipantmaydeliberatelyfloutCPmaximsforsomereasonorspecialneed.Asanimportantcategoryofnon-observanceoftheconversationalmaxims,afloutisdistinguishedbydeliberatelytriggeringthehearer'ssearchforanimplicature.Thespeakeremploysthiswayseeminglyagainstthecooperativeprincipletoreinforcethecommunicativeeffect.Inthiswaythespeakercanmakehisconversationhumorousandthusproducetheeffectofhumor.Infact,floutingoftheCPisoftenseeninChinesesitcoms.Ofcourse,sitcomwritersalsodeliberatelyflouttheprincipleinordertoachievehumorouseffects.
2.1FloutingtheQuantityMaxim
Whenaspeakeroffersmoreorlessinformationthanisrequiredbythesituationwiththeintentionofgeneratinganimplicature,hefloutsthemaximofquantity.Lookatthefollowingexample:
(1(InEpisode093,LiuXinggoestoInternetcaféandLiuMeikeepsaskingwhathedidthere.
Xing:
You'dbetternotinterferewithmybusinessfromnowon!
(以后我的事情你少管.
Mei:
Whatdidyousay?
Idon'tinterferewithyourbusiness?
Whydidn'tyousayitwhenIbreast-fedyou?
Whydidn'tyousayitwhenyouweresick?
Whydidn'tyousayitwhenyoufelltotheground?
Whydidn'tyousayitwhenyoucouldn'twalk?
Youdon'twantmetointerferewithyounow,becauseyouaregrownupandcandowhateveryouwant?
(你说什么呢?
再说一遍!
我少管?
你小时候喝奶的时候怎么不说?
小时候生病的时候怎么不说呀?
摔跟头时候怎么不说呀?
学会走路时候怎么不说?
这时候让我少管。
你翅膀硬了,自个会飞了?
Inthisepisode,themotherisveryangryaboutwhatLiuXingdidandsaid;sheissoangrythatshecan’thelptalkingexcessivelyaboutthematter,whichsoundshumorous.Thisobviouslyviolatesthesecondsub-maximofquantity:
Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.
(2Let'stakeanotherepisodeasanexample:
Daddidn'tgethomeontime,LiuMeiaskXiaoYutocallhiscellphone,aftermadethephonecall
Mei:
Whoansweredthephone?
(谁接的电话?
Yu:
Awoman.(一个女的。
Mei:
What?
Whatdidshesay?
(嗯?
说什么?
Mei:
Nonsense!
Ofcoursethisisyourhome.Hereareyourdadandmum.DoyouknowwhythemosquitoesonlybiteyouinsteadofLiuXing?
(别胡说,这就是你的家啊。
你看爸爸妈妈不都在呢?
你知道为什么蚊子只咬你不咬刘星吗?
Yu:
Why?
Mei:
BecauseyourbloodissweetwhileLiuXing'sisstinking.
(因为你的血是甜的,刘星的血是臭的.
Whenaspeakersayssomethingthatisfalseorforwhichhelacksadequateevidence,hefloutsthemaximofquality.Inthisconversation,itisobviousthatthemothertellsalieto
XiaoYu.Asamotherandanadult,sheknowsthereasonwell.InordertohoaxXiaoYuandmakehimfeelgood,shedeliberatelysayssomethingwhichisobviouslyfalse.Inthisway,LiuMeidoesn'tobservethefirstsub-maximofquality:
Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Butitisjustherdeliberatefloutingofthemaximthatmakesherson(XiaoYufeelbetterandatthesametimegeneratesahumorouseffect.
2.3FloutingtheMannerMaxim
"Avoidingobscurity"meanswhatyousaymustbeeasilyorclearlyunderstood."Avoidingambiguity"meansthereshouldbenoexistenceofmorethanonemeaninginwhatyousay."Beingbrief"and"beingorderly"meanwhatyousayshouldbeconciseandwellarranged.Themaximofmannerisfloutedbyspeakingredundantly,disorderlyorunclearly.Onthisoccasionthespeakerseemsveryuncooperative,butactuallyheintendstoproduceanimplicaturetobededucedbythehearer.Inverbalcommunication,peopleoftenmisunderstandtheambiguousexpressions,thusresultinginahumorouseffect.ThefollowingdialoguebetweenLiuMeiandhersonLiuXingisacaseinpoint.
Mei:
Whydoesn'tthegorillaevolve?
(猩猩为什麽不进化啊?
Xing:
Givemeareasonforitsevolution.(给我一个进化的理由。
Mei:
Whydoesn'tittalk?
(它为什麽不说话啊?
Xing:
Whatdoyouwantmetosay?
(您让我说什麽呀?
Mei:
Itliesinitsdefectinlistening.(在于听力的缺陷。
Xing:
Myearsarequitegood.(我耳朵挺好哒!
Mei:
Goaway.Don'tbotherme!
(去!
别在这儿捣乱。
Xing:
Aren'tyoutalkingaboutme?
(您不是说我呢吗?
Mei:
Iamtalkingaboutthegorilla.(我这儿说大猩猩呢。
Thepronunciationofgorilla(xingxinginChineselanguageisthesamewithLiuXing'snickname.LiuMeiistalkingsomethingaboutthegorilla,butLiuXingmisunderstandsthemeaningofxingxing.Obviously,thismisunderstandingcomesfromthetwopossibilitiestointerpretthesoundxingxing("猩猩"and"星星".Theambiguoususeoftheword(sound,whichviolatesthemaximofmanner,isthereasonofhumorproductionhere.
2.4FloutingtheRelationMaxim
Themaximofrelationtellsustomakeourcontributionsrelevant.Thedemandforrelevancesimplymeansthatthespeakershouldonlyconveyinformationthatisrelevanttothetopicbeingcommunicated.Ifonepartywantstoavoidthetopicunderdiscussionandstartsanotherseeminglyrelevanttopic,hewillfloutthemaximofrelevance.Andthis
seeminglyrelevantansweroftenmakesanotherpartyfeelfunny.Themaximofrelationisfloutedwhenaresponseiscompletelyirrelevanttothesubjectorthegoaloftheconversation.Lookatthefollowingexample:
(1(AfterXiaDonghaicomesbackfromtheparents'meetingheldinLiuXing'sschool,hehasadialoguewithLiuMei.
Mei:
AreyouOK?
Theremustbehugegapinyourmindnow.Doyouhavethethoughttofindawaytoescape?
(没受刺激吧,就你这种给小雪那种好学生开过家长会的你肯定心理有巨大的落差,想找个地缝转进去…
DongHai:
Themeetingisquitewell.(开的还算比较圆满。
Mei:
WhatdidtheteachertellyouaboutLiuXing?
(老师都给刘星告什么状了?
(Thegrandmacoughs,indicatingXiaDonghainottotellthetruth
DongHai:
Err,Itakesomemedicineforgrandma.(啊,我给姥姥去拿点药去。
Mei:
Quickly,whatdidtheteachertellyou?
(你快说啊,老师都说刘星什么了?
DongHai:
Well,hesaid…nothing.(他说啊,没什么。
Inthisepisode,aftertheparents'meeting,fromourbasicunderstandingaboutLiuXingandXiaDonghai'sfacialexpressions,weknowthatLiuXingmusthavedonesomethingwronginschool.IfXiaDonghaitoldthetruthtoLiuMei,shemustpunishherson.SoXiaDonghaiintendsnottotellhiswifethetruthandavoidsansweringherinquiry.Hisanswerisapparentlyirrelevanttohiswife'squestion.Inthislightatmosphere,hehascreatedhumorbyfloutingtherelevancemaxim.
(2Let'slookatanotherdialogue.
Xin:
Didyouknow,todaytheteacherfoundagenius,that'sme.
(大家知道吗啊,今天老师发现一天才,这天才就是我。
Mei:
Ha-ha,thispeachisreallysweet.
(呵呵,这桃真甜。
Xin:
thereareseveralkindsofgenius,notjusttheonewhomakesthehighscore,dad,isthatright?
(这天才分好多种,不光是得高分的,对吧老爸?
DongHai:
ThispeachletmerememberedoftheginsengfruitintheJourneytotheWest.(这桃子让人想起西游记里那人参果。
Xin:
Ah,you'dlistentome.TeacherlosthercarkeytodayandIfoundit.
(哎呀,你们倒是听我说啊。
今天老师车钥匙丢了,是我给找着的。
DongHai:
ItseemsthatShaSengalsolovetoeat.
(好像沙僧也爱吃。
Xin:
GuesswheredidIfindit?
Inthecar'slock.Sheforgottopullitdown.(你们猜我从哪找出来的,从车锁上找着的。
忘了拔下来啦。
DongHai:
Actually,TangMonkisalsolovetoeat,heiscleveranddon'twanttosay.(其实啊,唐僧也特爱吃,他就是贼,不爱说出来。
Xin:
Whileothersdidnotthinkofit,whichsuggestedthatIwasagenius,really,justalittletraining,