语言学习题完全版.docx

语言学习题完全版.docx

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语言学习题完全版

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《英语语言学》综合习题集

I.Writeoutasinglesentenceforeachofthefollowtechnicaltermsinlinguistic（定义题）；

1.arbitrariness

2.alinguist

3.creativity

4.displacement

5.culturally-transmitted

6.yo-he-hotheory

7.informativefunctionoflanguage

8.phaticcommunion

9.recreationalfunctionoflanguage

10.metalingualfunctionoflanguage

11.phonology

12.morphology

13.syntax

14.semantics

15.pragmatics

16.psycholinguistics

17.sociolinguistics

18.appliedlinguistics

19.computationallinguistics

20.descriptivevs.prescriptive

21.synchronicvs.diachronic

22.langue&parole

23.competenceandperformance

24.articulatoryphonetice

25.narrowtranscriptionofIPA

26.mannersofarticulationofconsonants

27.alveolarsounds

28.nasalsounds

29.voicelessness

30.bilabialsounds

31.highvowels

32.roundedvowels

33.laxvowels

34.minimalpairs

35.allophones

36.freevariation

37.assimilation

38.distinctivefeatures

39.onsetofasyllable

40.sonorityscaleofEnglishspeechsounds

41.primarystressofwords

42.lexeme

43.open-classwords

44.functionwords

45.freemorphemevs.boundmorpheme

46.astem

47.inflectionalsuffixes

48.allomorphs

49.blending

50.clipping

51.back-formation

52.tensevs.aspect

53.concordandgovernment

54.syntagmaticandparadigmatic

55.signifiedandsignifier

56.immediateconstituentanalysis

57.endocentricvs.exocentricconstructions

58.deepstructureandsurfacestructure

59.transformationalrules

60.binding

61.anaphor

62.themeandrheme

63.communicativedynamism

64.textualfunction

65.denotativemeaning

66.socialmeaning

67.thematicmeaning

68.thereferentialtheory

69.synonymy

70.gradableantonymy

71.hyponymy

72.superordinate

73.semanticcomponents

74.propositionallogic

75.syllogism

76.psychologyoflanguage

77.recencyeffect

78.semanticassociationnetwork

79.gardenpathsentences

80.minimalattachmenttheory

II.Short-answerQuestions（简答题）：

Directions:

Explaineachofthefollowinglinguisticviewsinnomorethan50words..

1.WhatisDisplacementoflanguage？

2.Howtounderstandthatlanguageisproductive?

3.Howtounderstandlanguageisdually-structured?

4.Whylinguistssay“Allthelanguagesareequal”?

5.Commentonthesaying“Languageisculturally-transmitted”。

6.Whyisitsaid“Linguisticsisatransdisciplinary”subject?

7.Whymodernlinguisticstakesspokenlanguageasprimary?

8.Commentonthesaying“Theonlyfunctionforlanguageistopassinformation”.

9.Whatisagoodlinguist?

10.Whatisbow-wowtheory?

11.Whatisyo-he-hotheory?

12,WhatisSapire-WhorfHypothesis?

III.EssayQuestions:

Directions:

DevelopONEofthefollowingtopicsintoa200-300-wordessay.

1.ThetheoryofcommunicativecompetenceanditssignificanceinLanguagelearningandteaching.

2.Transformational-generativelinguisticsanditssignificanceinLanguagelearningandteaching.

3.FunctionallinguisticsanditssignificanceinLanguagelearningandteaching.

4.Sociallinguisticsanditssignificanceinlanguageteachingandlearning.

5.WhatisSpeechActTheory?

IV． BlankFilling（填空）

1.Linguisticsisthescientificsystematicstudyof__________.

2.Tomanypeople,alinguististhesameasa________,onewhocanspeakseveralLanguagesfluently.

3.Inprofessionalusage,the______isascholarwhostudiesLanguageobjectively,observingitscientifically,recordingthefactsofLanguage,andgeneralizingfromthem.

4.______phoneticsstudiesthemovementofthevocalorgansofproducingthesoundsofspeech;_______phoneticsstudiesthewaythesoundsofspeechareperceivedbythehumanear.

5._______dealswithhowLanguageisacquired,understoodandproduced.

6.___studiestheneurologicalbasisofLanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings. 

7.___isconcernedwiththediversityofLanguageasitrelatestovarioussociologicalfactors.

8.___isconcernedwithvariationanduseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.

9.TheancienttheoriesoftheoriginofLanguagewereof____origin.

10.  TheEgyptiansconsideredthemselvestohavetheoldestcivilizationandassertedthattheoriginalhumanLanguagewas___. 

11.Thetheorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe___theory.

12.Thetheorythatprimitivemaninstinctivelygavevocalexpressiontoeveryexternalimpressionhasbeencalledthe___theory.

13.AcommonlyheldviewamongtheclassicGreekswasthatatsomeancienttimetherewasa“___“whogavethecorrect,naturalnametoeverything.

14.ThetheorythatLanguagearosefrominstinctiveemotionalcries,expressiveofpainorjoyhasbeencalledthe___theory.

15.ThetheorythatprimitiveLanguagewasanimitationofnaturalsound,suchasanimalcries,hasbeencalledthetheory. 

16.ThetheorythatLanguagearosefromhumanbeings’instinctiveneedforcontactwithhiscompanionhasbeencalledthe___theory.

17.WritingisasecondaryLanguageformbasedupon___,andMorsecodeistertiary,basedupon___.

18. ThereasonwhyLanguagesotherthanourownsoundlikegibberishisbecausewehavenotmasteredthecomplexityoftheir___.

19. Thesymbolsaresaidtobearbitrarybecausetheydonot___whattheyrepresent.

20.Languageiscalleduponnotonlyforcommunication,butalsofor___andcultural____. 

21.Languageisan___systemofarticulatedsoundsmadeuseofbyagroupofhumansasameansofcarryingontheaffairsoftheirsociety.

22.Languageisapurelyhumanand___methodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofa___ofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.

23.Languageisasystemofarbitrary___symbolswhichpermitallthepeopleinagivenculture,orotherpeoplewhohavelearnedthe___ofthatculture,tocommunicateorinteract.

24.TheearliestgrammarofanyLanguagewas___grammarbytheHinduscholarPanini.

25.Platoproceededfirsttodividethesentenceintotwoparts:

___and___. 

26.TheGreekapproachtoLanguagewastakenoverbythe___andappliedwithlittlechangetotheirLanguage___.

27.Thefirstmajornewdevelopmentinlinguisticsuntilthe13thcenturywas___grammar.

28.The15thand16thcenturiesweremarkedbythe___ofviewsofLanguageandanincreasedawarenessofthe___amongLanguages.

29. Inthe17thcenturythePortroyalGrammariansstressedthe___ofthought.

30.Thebeginningofmodernlinguisticswasfromthelate18thandearly19thcenturywhenthe___methodwasdevelopedandestablished. 

31.Chomsky’stheoryofgenerativegrammarrevolutionizedworkinlinguisticsin1957,withthepublicationofhisbook___.

32.Saussure’sexpositionof___analysisledtotheschoolof___linguisticswhichdevelopedaroundtheworkofLeonardBloomfieldinAmerica.

33.ALanguageisresponsivetothe___forcesthatshapehistory.

34.TheLanguageofBritainwas___whentheRomansinvadedthelandin55and54BC.

35.TheCelticLanguagewasinfluencedby___duringtheromanoccupationafter

AD44.

36.ThethreeTeutonicgroupsestablishedinEnglandbythesuccessiveinvasionsafterAD450were:

___,___and__.

37.AsaresultoftheNormanConquestof1066,vastquantitiesof___wordswereaddedtotheEnglishvocabulary.

38.ThemostmemorablewritingintheMiddleEnglishperiodwas___byGeoffreyChaucer.

39.AsSamuelJohnson’sADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageestablishedauniformstandardfor___andworduse,soBishopLowth’sandothergrammarians’worksstandardizedEnglish___.

40.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproduceapatternof___.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe___comingfromthelungs.

41.Whensoundsareproduced,theair-streamsentoutfromthelungspassesthroughthe___containedinthelarynx. 

42.Iftheglottisiswideopen,theairpassesfreelythroughthecords,butifitisnarrowed,thepresenceoftheaircausesthecordstovibrate,producing___sounds.

43.Asoundwhichismadewiththeglottiswideopeniscalleda___sound.

44.Consonantsoundscanbeeither___or___,whileallvowelsoundsare___.

45.Theshapeofthe___and___cavitiescanbechanged,andeachchangeproducesadifferentsound. 

46.Thedifferencesbetweenthevowelinthewordteaandthevowelinthewordtwoisthatthefirstismadewiththelips___andthefrontofthetonguehumped,andthesecondismadewiththelips___andthebackofthetonguehumped.

47.Inthecaseofvowelsounds,thepharynxandthemouthcavitiesarechangedbytheshapeandpositionofthe___andthe___.

48.Thesounds/t/,/d/,/p/,and/b/aremadewhenthe___inthemouthissuddenlyopenedandtheairallowedtoescapeinalittlepufforexplosion.

49.Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing___. 

50.Thesounds/f/and/v/aretheresultofairescapingunderfrictionbetweenthelower___andupper___.

51.AllEnglishsoundsexceptme,n,andnyaremadewiththesoftpalate___.

52.Whenthe___israised,theaircannotescapethroughthenoseandthesounds/m/,/n/,and/n/cannotbemade。

53.___soundsareproducedbyaradicalconstrictionatsomepointinthevocaltract.

54.___soundsareproducedbyloweringthevelum.

55.___soundsareproducedbyvibratingthevocalcords.

56. ___soundsareproducedbyincreasingthemusculareffortinthelowerjaw.

57.___soundsareproducedbymaintainingtheairflowinthevocalcavity（butnotinthenasalcavity）. 

58.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe___andthelips.

59.___soundsareproducedbyretracting