国际商法案例分析1英文.docx

国际商法案例分析1英文.docx

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国际商法案例分析1英文

国际商法案例分析1（英文）

CASESININTERNATIONALCOMMERCIALLAW

1.OnJanuary1，Sel1ersentalettertoBuyerofferingtose11toBuyer5，000ornamentsfor

$25apiece.Theletteralsostated:

“ThisofferisbindingandirrevocableuntilFebruaryl.”On

January5,priortoBuyer’sreceiptoftheletter,SellercalledBuyeronthetelephoneandleftthefollowingmessageontheansweringmachineatBuyer’splaceofbusiness:

“Ignoremy

letterofJanuary1.Ihavedecidedtowithdrawtheoffercontainedinit.”OnJanuary7,after

listeningtoheransweringmachineandreadingtheletterthatarrivedthatsameday,BuyersentSellerthefollowingtelegram:

“IacceptyourofferofJanuary1.”

Q:

IsthereacontractunderCISG?

2.OnDecember1,SellersenttoBuyeranoffertosell5,000ornamentstoBuyerfor$25apiece.Theofferstated:

“TheofferwillremainopenuntilDecember31.”OnDecember10,

Buyeranswered:

“Thepriceistoohigh;Idon’tacceptyouroffer.”Then,OnDecember15,

Buyerchangedhismindandsentatelegramstating:

“IacceptyourDecember1offerafter

all.”Sellerreplied:

“Youracceptanceistoolate,sinceyoualreadyrejecttheoffer.”Inturn,

Buyeranswered:

“Theacceptanceisgood,sinceyoupromisedtokeepyourofferopenuntilDecember31.”

Q:

IsthereacontractundertheCISG?

3.BuyerreceivedaletterinhermailonJanuary1offeringtosellBuyer5,000ornaments$20apiece.Seller’sletterclosedwiththefollowingstatement:

“Iknowthatthisofferisso

attractivethatIwillassumethatyouacceptitunlessIhearotherwisebyJanuary31.”Buyer

didnotreply.SellershippedtheornamentsonFebruary1.

Q:

WhatareBuyer’sresponsibilitiesunderCISG?

4.SellerandBuyerenteredintoawrittencontractforthemanufacturebySellerofl0,000ornamentsofadesignspecifiedbyBuyerandsetoutinthecontract.Thecontractalsoprovided:

“Thiscontractmayonlybemodifiedinawritingsignedbybothparties.”Before

Sellerhadbegunworkontheornaments,BuyerandSelleragreedbytelephonetoachangeinthespecificationsfor2,500oftheornaments.Sellerthenproducedanddeliveredthe2,500ornamentsasspecified.Buyerrefusedtoacceptthembecausetheydidnotconformtothespecificationsintheoriginalcontract.

Q:

AssumingCISGapplies,whobreached?

5.BuyerandSellerenteredintoacontractgovernedbyCISGforSellertodelivera

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sophisticatedcomputertoBuyerbyJanuary1.Sellerwaslateindeliveringthemachine,soBuyerwiredSelleronJanuary2:

“Anxioustotakedeliveryofthecomputer.Hopethatit

arrivesbyFebruary1.”SellerdeliversthecomputeronFebruary5,butBuyerrefusestoacceptitanddeclaresthatthecontractisavoidedbecauseSellerfailedtohandoverthecomputerbeforetheFebruary1datespecifiedintheJanuary2telegram.BothBuyerandSelleragreethattherehasnotbeenafundamentalbreach.

Q:

IsBuyerabletoavoidthecontractunderthesecircumstances?

6.DealerintheUnitedStatesownedacargoof10,000barrelsofoilthathadbeenshippedfromMexicoonJanuary1forarrivalintheUnitedStatesonFebruary1.OnJanuary15,DealerinformedBuyerthattheoilwasonthetransitandtheyconcludedacontract.Onarrival,inspectionshowedthattheoilhadbeencontaminatedbyseawateratsomeindeterminatetimeduringthevoyage.

Q:

AssumingCISGapplies,whobearstherisk?

7.SelleragreedtodeliverthreesoftwareprogramstoBuyerthatarespeciallydesignedforBuyer’sbusiness.ThefirstwastobedeliveredinJanuarythesecondinFebruary,thethirdinMarch,TheprogramdeliveredinJanuaryworkedfine,buttheonedeliveredinFebruarywasdefective.Itnotonlyfailedtofunctionproperly,italsomadetheothertwoprogramseffectivelyworthless.Sellerwasunabletocorrectthedefect,andnosuitablereplacementcouldbefoundfromanothersupplier.

Q:

WhatCISGremediesareavailableforBuyer?

8.Stan,amanagerofanEnglishcomputercompany,returnshomefromworktodiscoverhishousesurroundedbepolice.Hiswifeisbeingheldhostageandthreatenedbyhercaptor.Stanpleadswiththepolicetorescueherandoffers$5000tothepolicemanwhobringsheruninjuredtosafety.Apoliceofficer,Peter,eventuallytalksthecaptorintoreleasingthewomanhostageandheleadsthewomantosafety.WhenPetergoestocollecthisbonus,Stansays,“ThankyouverymuchbutIhavenointentionofpaying.”

Q:

WouldPetersucceedinacourtactionagainstStan?

9.A（anAmericancompany）enteredintoacontractwithB（aJapanesecompany）,whichwasundertheCISG.ThecontractprovidesthatAdelivers1000personalcomputerhousingsbyDecember1toBinTokyo,foratotalpriceof$50000.OnJuly1,AfaxedBthatduetoariseinpricestheycouldnotdeliverforlessthan$60000.BrepliedthatitwouldinsistthatA

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deliverattheoriginalprice.ThenArefusedtodeliverythegoodsunderthecontract.FromJuly1throughSeptember,Bcouldhaveboughtthehousingfromothersuppliersfor$55000forDecember1delivery.OnDecember1,Bcoveredandpurchasedthehousingfor$64000fordeliveryonFebruary1.BecauseofthedelayuntilFebruary1Bsufferedadditionaldamages$2000.

Q:

PleasediscussthebehaviorofA.WhatisthemeasureofB’sdamages?

WasBunderany

dutytomitigatedamages?

Whyorwhynot?

10.Selleragreedtoship10,000tonsofpotatoesFOBTacoma,Washington,toBuyerinJapan.BuyerdesignatedtheSSRussettotakedeliveryatpier7inTacoma.Ontheagreeddatefor

deliverySellerdeliveredthepotatoestopier7,buttheshipwasnotatthepier.Becauseanothershipusingthepierwasslowinloading,theRussethadtoanchoratamooringbuoyin

theharborandSellerhadtoarrangeforalightertotransportthepotatoesincontainerstotheship.ThelightertiedupalongsidetheRussetandacablefromtheship’sboomwasattached

tothefirstcontainer.Asthecontainerbegantocrosstheship’srailthecablesnapped.The

containerthenfellontherail,teeteredbackandforthforawhile,andfinallycrasheddownthesideoftheshipandcapsizedthelighter.Allofthepotatoesweredumpedintothesea.BuyernowsuesSellerforfailuretomakedelivery.

Q:

IsSellerliable?

SupposethecontracthadbeenFASTacoma.WouldSellerbeliable?

11.SellerinSydney,Australia,agreedtoshipgoodsonorbeforeDecember31underaCIFSydneycontracttoBuyerinHonolulu.ThesellerwasunabletoassemblethegoodsfordeliveryintimetoreachtheshipinSydneyandhadtotransshipthegoodsbyrailtoMelbourne,wheretheshipwastakingongoodsonJanuary3,SellerdidloadthegoodsaboardrailwaycarsinSydneyonDecember29andreceivedabillofladingfromtherail-wayCompanyonthatdate.Sellerlaterobtainedabillofladingfromtheship,andtogetherwithaninvoiceandamarineinsurancepolicy,tenderedbothbillsofladingtoBuyer.BuyerrefusedtoacceptthedocumentsortopaySeller.Sellersuestoenforcethecontract.Q:

WillSellerwin?

12.SellerinBombaysells5,000balesofcottontoBuyer,C&F（Incotermsl990）Liverpool.SellertransportsthecottontotheBombayharborandtotheshipdesignatedbyBuyer,theSSAllthumbs.Duetoanerrorincounting,thereareonly4,987balesloaded.Theship’sbillof

lading,however,showsaquantityof5,000bales.SellerthensignsoverthebillofladingtoBuyerinexchangeforpaymentinfullforthecotton.WhentheAllthumbsarrivesinLiverpool

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thequantityerrorisdiscovered,andBuyersuestheshipforthelostvalueofthemissingbales.

Q:

Istheshipliable?

WoulditmatteriftheSelleradmittedthattheerrorwasnottheship’s

fault,butthatoftheSeller?

13.NewYorkMerchandisingCompany（NYMCO）importedfoodsproducedbyC-ARTinHongKong.ThegoodswereshippedontheHongKongIslandLines（carrier）.ThepartiespriorcourseofdealinghandbeenforthecarriertoreleasethegoodstoNYMCOonitspresentationofa“bankguarantee”.Thesebankguaranteesreleasedthecarrierfromliability

foranymisdelivery.Onthisoccasion,however,thecarrierreleasedthegoodsuponNYMCO’scorporateguaranteeofpayment.Soonthereafter,NYMCOfiledforbankruptcy.C-ARTsuedthecarriertorecoverthemoneyowedforthegoods.ThecarrierarguedthatitwasnotliableformisdeliverybecauseNYMCOhasgoodtitletothegoodsfromthetimetheywereshippedinHongKong.

Q:

Doyouagreewiththisargument,Thecarrieralsoclaimsthatthebillsofladingarenot

validbecausetheimporterNYMCOwasinsolvent.Whatiswrongwiththeargument?

14.X（aChinesecompany）concluded,actingasanagentofZ（aChinesefactory）,contractwithY（anAmericancompany）topurchasetenmachines.UponthearrivalofthemachinesinQingdao,thecarrierhandedoverthemachinestoZwhoshowedcertificatebyamunicipalorgan,failingtomakethedeliverytoXwhostillheldthebillofladingbut（therelevantbusinessman）wasawayinGuangzhouatameeting.XsuedZfordamages.

Q:

WhoshouldXsuefordamages?

HasthepropertyofthegoodspassedtoZ?

Wasthecarrierliableforthedamage?

WhatliabilitiesofX?

15.Ms.V,awealthyartcollectorinCountryW,isinterestedinbuyingararepaintingfromMr.YinCountryZ.Bothpartiesagreethatthepriceistobedeterminedbyanindependentappraiser.VinformsYthatshewillsendheragent,X,withabillofexchangetocollectthepainting.Vdrawsanat-sightbillpayabletoVbutleavestheamountblank.ShegivesthebilltoXandinstructshimtodeliverittoY.WithoutauthorityXfillsintheamountfor1mil-lionUSdollarsandpresentsittoY,whohas,inthemeantime,receivedtheappraisal.Theappraised