英语语法现在分词和动词不定式.docx
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英语语法现在分词和动词不定式
语法一:
现在分词做状语
现在分词(动词的ing形式做状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,且必须与句子的主语是逻辑上的主谓关系;动词的ing形式表示的动作是次要动作。
现在分词可以做时间,条件,结果,让步,方式等状语。
相当于相应的状语从句。
作时间,原因或条件时,通常位于主句前面,作方式,伴随或结果状语时,通常位于主句后面。
如果分词所表示的动作和谓语的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生,用现在分词的一般式。
如果分词动作明显在谓语动词之前发生,用现在分词的完成式。
(havingdone,在作时间状语的分词前,可加连词while,when,介词after,before,on等。
一.做伴随状语:
分词等于and连接两个动词或分句。
1:
Thedogcamein.Itfolloweditsmaster.=Thedogcamein,followingitsmaster.
2:
Thechildrenranoutoftheroom,laughingandtalkingmerrily.
3:
Theystoodthereforanhour,watchingthegame.
二.原因状语相当于as,since,because等引起的原因状语从句,常位于句首,句中或句末。
1.Hewasabraveman.HedecidedtoreturntoFrance.=Beingabraveman,hedecidedtoreturntoFrance.
2:
Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.
3:
Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn‟tgetintouchwithher.
4:
Beingsopoorinthosedays,wecouldn‟taffordtosendtheboytohospital.
5.Havingworkedamongthepeasantsformanyyears,heknewthemverywell.
6.Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteanotherletter.
三.时间状语,相当于when,while,as等引导的时间状语从句,常位于句首或句末。
1:
FirsthereturnedtoFrance.Thenhewasputintoprison.=AfterhereturnedtoFrance,hewasputintoprison.=HavingreturnedtoFrance,hewasputintoprison.
2:
Havingarrivedatthefactory,theyimmediatelysettowork.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.
3:
Don‟tmentionthiswhiletalkingtohim.
4:
OnarrivinginLondon,hemanagedtogetintouchwithher.=AssoonashearrivedinLondon.5:
Havingreadtheletter,shegotveryexcited.
四.条件状语,相当于一个if等引导的条件状语从句,常位于句首。
1:
Workinghard,youwillsucceed.
2.IfIknowanythingaboutit,Iwilltellyouall.=Knowinganythingaboutit,Iwilltellyouall.
3.-Icouldgoandgetsomeonetobringthecar.
-No,thanks.I‟llbebetterifwalking
五:
结果状语现在分词表示必然结果,前可加thus,不定式表意外的结果,前可加only。
1:
Herhusbanddiedin1942,leavingherwithfivechildren.
2:
Thebuswasheldupbysnowstorm,thuscausingthedelay.
3:
Hewascaughtintherain,thusmakinghimselfcatchcold.
六:
让步状语:
相当于although,though,evenif,eventhough引起的让步状语从句,常位于句首。
1.Althoughhehadboughtalotofbooksfortheexam,hefailedinitbecauseofthelearningmethod.
=Buyingalotofbooksfortheexam,hefailedinitbecauseofthelearningmethod.
2.Thoughtheyknewallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.
=knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.
七.方式状语分词等于介词with引起的方式状语或and并列的两个谓语动词.
1.Walkingslowly,Iapproached(靠近thelittle=Bywalkingslowly,Iapproachedthelittlewindow.
window.
2.Hestoodleaningagainst(靠在..上thewall.=Hestoodandleanedagainstthewall.
八:
现在分词的完成式指分词所表示的动作发生在主句中谓语动词之前,若分词所表示的动作与主语之间是主谓关系,则用havingdone,若是动宾(被动关系,则用havingbeendone.1;Havingworkedinthecountryforthreeyears,heknewhowtogrowvegetables.
2:
Havingbeentranslatedintoseverallanguages,thebookbecamefamousallovertheworld.
3:
Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.
4:
HavinglivedinNewYorkforyears,Iknoweachpartofitverywell.
九:
现在分词独立成分的特殊使用:
generallyspeaking:
一般来讲,franklyspeaking:
坦白地说。
exactlyspeaking,严密地讲,正确地说。
judgingfrom/by…,从….可以判断出来。
considering….考虑到…
1:
Generallyspeaking,girlsaremoreinterestedinliteraturethanboys.
2:
Judgingfromheraccent,shemustcomefromArabiancountries.
十:
现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区
别。
(1现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动
关系。
1.Hewentoutshuttingthedoorbehindhim.他出去后将门随手关上。
2.Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
(2过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系.
1.Facedwithdifficulties,wemusttrytoovercomethem.在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克
服。
2.Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.
语法二:
动词不定式和动名词做宾语的区别。
一:
.通常只能接不定式作宾语的动词:
agree(同意;offer(提出;intend,plan(打算,计划;demand,ask(要求;promise(答应;help(帮忙;prepare(准备;decide(决定;refuse(拒绝;choose(选择,决定;wish,hope,want,expect(希望,想要;fail(不能;忘记;pretend(假装;manage(设法;determine(决心afford(买得起,但付得起,arrange(安排,准备,aim(以..为目标,目的,beg(恳求,祈求,claim(声称,happen(碰巧,恰巧发生了某事,seem,hesitate(犹豫不决。
同意提出做计划,要求答应来帮忙。
准备决定遭拒绝,敢于选择有希望。
不能做到莫假装,设法做成决心假。
恳求安排买得起。
恰巧似乎声称目的不犹豫。
1:
Heagreedtoapologizetome.
2.Sheofferedtohelpme.
3.WeintendtogetintouchwithyouthroughEmail.
4.Hedemandstobeprized.
5.ShepretendednottoseemewhenIcamein.
6.Shedemandstolivealone.
7.Hepromisedtokeepintouchwithme.
8.Mysisterhelpedmetofinish/finishmyhomework.
9.Hepreparedhimselftoacceptfailure.
10.Hedecidetotidymyhouse.
11.Thehostessrefusedtoinviteher.
12.Hefailedtopasstheexaminationthroughcarelessness.
13.Hechosenottogohomeuntillater.
14.Sheexpectstofailtheexam.
15.Thecatmanagestopatsomethinginvisible.
16.Theyclaimtohavediscoveredacureforthedisease.
17.Wehappenedtobeintheneighbourhood.
18.Hehesitatedtotakesuchabigrisk.
19.Heseems(tobequitehappy.
二;通常只能接动名词做宾语的动词:
admit,consider,suggest/advise,承认考虑建议
avoid,delay/putoff,practise避免推迟练习
allow/permit,finish,appreciate允许完成感激
forbid,mind,imagine禁止介意想象
escape,quit/giveup,enjoy逃避放弃喜欢
deny,risk,miss否认冒险错过
can‟thelp,lookforwardto,禁不住盼望反对
stickto,leadto,,can‟tstand,beaccustomedto/get/beusedto,payattentionto坚持导致忍受习惯
1.Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.
Sheadmittedhavingdonewrong.
2.IconsiderreadingthisseriesofbookswrittenbyLuxun.
3.Theteachersuggestednotviolatingclassmates‟personalmatters.
4.Headvisescominguptohere..
5.Healwaysavoidstalkingtome.
6.Hedelays/putoffgivealargeamountofmonertome.
7.Wearepracticingwritingletters.
8.Wepermit/allowyouwritinghere.
9.Ihavefinishedreadingthisbook.
10.Thedoctorforbidshimsmokinganddrinking.
11.Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?
12.Canyouimaginehimbecomingfamousasanactor?
13.Healwaysescapescomingbakehome.
14.Myfatherhasquitsmoking
15.Doyouenjoyteaching?
16.Hedeniedhavingseenthesewatchesbefore.
17.Heriskedgettingcaughtinastormyesterday.他昨天冒遭遇风暴之险。
18.Imisstoseeingher.
19.Hearingthisgoodnews,Ican‟thelplaughing.
20.Iamlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.
21.Healwaysstickstofinishinghishomeworkalone.
22.Ingivenconditions,abadthingcanleadtogoodresults.
23.Ican‟tstandgettingonverywellwithher.
24.Iam/getusedtoteachingyou.
25.Whereverweare,wemustpayattentiontobehavingwell.
三:
动名词的复合结构有四种形式:
①形容词性物主代词+动名词;②名词's+动名词;
③代词宾格+动名词;④名词+动名词。
动名词的复合结构可在句中作主语或宾语。
作主语时,不能用③、④两种形式;无生命名词不能用第②种形式,无论是作主语还是作宾语。
动名词的复合结构,实际上是给动名词加了一个逻辑主语。
Sb/sb‟s(人称代词的宾格或形容词性物主代词doingsth.
1.Doyoumindme/myopeningthewindow?
2.His/Jack'snotgettingtothestationontimemadeallofusworried.他/杰克没准时到火车站使得我们大家都很担心。
3.Doyoumindmy/me/Jack's/Jackleavingnow?
我/杰克现在离开你介意吗?
4.Iinsistonbothofthemcomingintime.我坚持要他们两人准时来。
四:
在动词allow/permit,advise,forbid,等后直接跟动名词形式做宾语,如果后面有名词或代词做宾语,其后用动词不定式做宾语补足语,构成复合结构。
V+sb+todosth
`1.Weallowsmokingonlyinrestricted指定的areas.
2:
AllowmetointroduceMissGreen.
3:
Sheadvisedmetowearmybestclothes.
4:
Doyoupermityourchildrentosmoke?
五:
有些动词后面可以跟v-ing也可以接todo.
(1动词start,begin,continue,后接动词不定式或动名词做宾语意义基本相同,只是书面语中多接动名词,口语中多接不定式。
Eg:
①Tombegantolearn/learninghowtouseacomputer.
②Hecontinuedtowalk/walkingalongtheriverside.
Begin和start在下列情况下一般接动词不定式。
1:
begin.start本身用进行时时。
Eg:
Iwasbeginningtogetangry.
2;主语是物而不是人时。
Eg:
Theicebegantomelt.
3;在begin,start后接know,understand,realize,等表示感情,思维,和意念这类动词时,
Eg;Ibegantounderstandthetruth.
(2:
动词like,love,hate,prefer后接动名词或不定式做宾语意义区别不大,但表示经常性,或习惯性的行为时用动名词,表示具体的行为时用不定式。
Eg:
Ilikeswimming,butIdon‟tliketoswimthisafternoon.
(3意义区别比较大的。
既能接不定式,又能接动词-ing形式,但意思不同的动词或词组:
即“四…记‟”“力争”“不后悔”。
四“记”指“记得、记住(remember”;“忘记(forget”“计划、打算(mean”;“继续(goon”;力争指“try”;“不”“后悔”指stop与regret。
1.remembertodosth提醒别忘做某事
rememberdoingsth记得做过某事(说话的时候动作已经完成
Eg:
①Don‟tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
②Youmustremembertoleavetomorrow.你可要记着是明天动身。
③—Remembertoreturnthebattome.
—ButIrememberhavingreturnedittoyou.
2.forgettodosth忘记要去做某事
forgetdoingsth忘记已经做过某事
Eg:
Whatapoormemory!
Iforgotborrowingmoneyfromhimyesterday.ButtodayIforgottoreturnthemoneytohimagain.
3.regrettodosth很遗憾去做某事(动作还没有发生
regretdoingsth后悔做过某事(动作已经发生
Eg:
①Idon‟tregrettellingherwhatIthought.我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。
(已讲过
②Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没
办法。
(未做但要做
③Iregrettedtotellhimthathehadbeenfired.Tomysurprise,hesaidtome,“Iamnot
sad;Ionlyregrethavingtakenthewrongjob.”
4.stoptodosth停下原来做的事去做另一件事情。
stopdoingsth停止正在做的事情。
Eg:
Whentheteachersaidangrily,“Stoptalking,children”,thepupilsstoppedtowritetheircompositions.作文
5.trytodosth努力做某事(尽力做某事但不一定能成功
trydoingsth试着做某事
Eg:
①Youmusttrytobemorecareful.你可要多加小心。
②Let‟strydoingtheworksomeotherway.让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。
③Thedoctortriedtocurethewomanofherillness,sohetriedtreatingherwithanewmedicine.
6.goontodosth(做完一件事继而去做另外一件事情。
goondoingsth继续(原先没有做完的事情。
Eg:
Theteacheraskedustogoonreadingthetextinsteadofgoingontodotheexercises.
7.meantodosth打算,想做某事。
meandoingsth意味着做某事。
Eg:
①Ididn‟tmeantohurtyourfeeling.我没想要伤害你的感情。
②Thisillnesswillmean(yourgoingtohospital.得了这种病(你就要进医院。
(4.动词want,need,require以物作主语做需要讲时,其后的宾语用主动式表被动含义或用不定式的被动式。
Eg:
1.Yourclothesneedswashing(=tobewashed.
2.Theyoungtreesrequirelookingafter(=tobelookedafter.
3.Theproblemwantsthinkingover仔细考虑(=tobethoughtover.
(5.beworthdoingsth=beworthytobedone=beworthyofbeingdone.值得做某事
Eg:
Theplaceisworthvisiting.=Theplaceisworthyofbeingvisited.=The