哈工大考博英语真题.docx

哈工大考博英语真题.docx

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哈工大考博英语真题

GeneralEnglishAdmissionTestForNon-EnglishMajorPh.D.program（HarbinInstituteofTechnology）第一套

PartIReadingComprehension（40points）

Passage1

Questions1----5arebashedonthefollowingpassage.

  Theplanet’slastintactexpansesofforestareundersiege.Eightthousandyearsago,forestscoveredmorethan23millionsquaremiles,orabout40percentofEarth’slandsurface.Today,almosthalfofthoseforestshavefallentotheax,thechainsaw,thematchstick,orthebulldozer.

  AmapunveiledinMarchbytheWashington-basedWorldResourcesInstitutenotonlyshowsthelocationsofformerforests,butalsoassessestheconditionoftoday’sforestsworldwide.InstituteresearchersdevelopedthemapwiththehelpoftheWorldConservationMonitoringCenter,theWorldWildlifeFund,and90forestexpertsatavarietyofuniversities,governmentorganizations,andenvironmentalgroups.

  Onlyone-fifthoftheremainingforestsarestill“frontierforests,”definedasrelativelyundisturbednaturalforestslargeenoughtosupportalloftheirnativespecies.Frontierforestsofferanumberofbenefits:

Theygenerateandmaintainbiodiversity,protectwatersheds,preventfloodingandsoilerosion,andstabilizeclimate.

  Manylargeareasthathavetraditionallybeenclassifiedasforestlanddon’tqualifyas“frontier”becauseofhumaninfluencessuchasfiresuppressionandapatchworkoflogging.“There’ssurprisinglylittleintactforestleft,”saysresearchassociateDirkBryant,theprincipalauthorofthereportthataccompaniesthenewmap.

  Inthereport,Bryant,DanielNielsen,andLauraTangleydividetheworldintofourgroups:

76countriesthathavelostalloftheirfrontierforest;11nationsthatare“ontheedge”;28countrieswith“notmuchtime”;andonlyeight----includingCanada,Russia,andBrazil-----thatstillhavea“greatopportunity”tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:

Inthelower48states,saysBryant,“greatopportunity”tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:

Inthelower48states,saysBryant,“only1percentoftheforestthatwasoncethereasfrontierforestqualifiestoday.”

  Loggingposesthebiggestsinglethreattoremainingfrontierforests.“Ourresultssuggestthat70percentoffrontierforestsunderthreatarethreatenedbylogging,”saysBryant.Thepracticeofcuttingtimberalsocreatesroadsthatcauseerosionandopentheforesttohunting,mining,firewoodgathering,andlandclearingforfarms.

  Whatcanprotectfrontierforests?

Theresearchersrecommendcombiningpreservationwithsustainablelandusepracticessuchastourismandselectivetimberextraction.“It’spossibletorestorefrontiers,”saysBryant,“butthecostandtimerequiredtodosowouldsuggestthatthesmartapproachistohusbandtheremainingfrontierforestbeforeit’sgone.”

1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

  A.ThepresentsituationoffrontierforestonEarth.

  B.Thehistoryofecology.

  C.Theforestmapinthepast.

  D.Beautifulforestsindifferentpartsoftheworld.

2.Theword“unveiled”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto    _.

  A.evaluated  B.decorated  C.designed  D.madepublic

3.Frontierforestshavewhichofthefollowingbenefits?

  A.Theykeepclimatestable.

  B.Theyenhancetimberindustry.

  C.Theyprovidepeoplewithuniquescenery.

  D.Theyareofvarioustypes.

4.Thephrase“ontheedge”inParagraph5probablymeans________.

  Asurroundedbyfrontierforest

  Bnearfrontierforest

  Cabouttolosetheirfrontierforest

  Dunderpressure

5.Accordingtothepassage,roadscreatedbytimber-cuttingmakeitpossibleforpeopleto________.      

  Atraveltootherplacesthroughtheshort–cut

  Bexploitmoreforestland

  Cfinddirectionseasily

  Dprotectformerforests

Passage2

Questions6----10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.（2005年9月PETS3真题）

  Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:

theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrivedthecellophanewrapperhastobetornoff,thelipopenedandremoved;thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries:

itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polythene,orpaper.

  Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopper,whousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputourbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.Sowhyisitdone?

Someofit,likethecellophaneonmeat,isnecessary,butmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment.

  Littleresearchisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisit,forinstance,forlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaper,pulpit,andrecycleitasegg-boxes?

Woulditbecheapertoplantanotherforest?

Paperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging-----20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday-----butverylittleissalvaged.

  Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaper,andthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthorityuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.

  Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottles,whicharereturnedtothedairies,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays!

  Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops,asuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandreuseofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackaging,intendedtobeusedjustonce,andmakingthingslookbettersomorepeoplewillbuythem,isclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasresourcesforwhatis,afterall,arelativelyunimportantfunction.

6.Thesentence“Thisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries”meansthat________.

Anotenoughwrappingisusedforluxuries

Bmorewrappingisusedforluxuriesthanforordinaryproducts

Citisnotonlyforluxuryproductsthattoomuchwrappingisused

Dthewrappingusedforluxuryproductsisunnecessary

7.Thelocalauthoritiesare_________.      

AtheTownCouncil

Bthepolice

Cthepapermanufacturers

Dthemostinfluentialcitizens

8Ifpaperistoberecycled,________.    

Amoreforestswillhavetobeplanted

Btheuseofpaperbagswillhavetoberestricted

Cpeoplewillhavetousedifferentdustbinsfortheirrubbish

Dthelocalauthoritieswillhavetoreducethepriceofpaper

9.Britishdairiesare________.    

Aproducingenoughplastictubingtogoroundtheworldinlessthanaweek

Bgivinguptheuseofglassbottles

Cincreasingtheproductionofplasticbottles

Dreusingtheiroldglassbottles

10.Theenvironmentaliststhinkthat________.    

Amoreplasticpackagingshouldbeused

Bplasticisthemostconvenientformofpackaging

Ctoomuchplasticiswasted

Dshopsshouldstopusingplasticcontainers

Passage3

Questions11-----18arebasedonthefollowingpassage.（找到了出处）

  Thetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics,thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromaesthetics,thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnology:

washingmachines,centralheating,automaticcookers,televisionsets,computersandfittedcarpets,Heis,atthemoment,drunkwithdemocracy,well-to-do,acardriver,andhasneverhaditsogood.

  Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilities,thecitiesarelitteredwithkerb-parkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironment,andstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse.

  Inthemeantime,insultisaddedtoinjuryby“landvalue”.Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse:

itsincomeanditsvalueincrease.“Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse”becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadtothe“vertical”growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatenoreofit.

  Partialdecentralization,orrather,pseudo-decentralization,intheformoflargedevelopment