大学英语Book2 Unit 2.docx
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大学英语Book2Unit2
SectionA
Thehumanities:
Outofdate?
Backgroundinformation
1thehumanities
Thehumanitiesareagroupofacademicdisciplinesthatstudythehumancondition,usingmethodsthatareprimarilyanalytical,critical,orspeculative.Thehumanities,calledsocialsciences,includehistory,anthropology,municationstudies,culturalstudies,law,language,literature,philosophy,religion,musicandtheater,etc.
Throughexplorationofthehumanities,studentslearnhowtothinkcreativelyandcritically,toreason,andtoaskquestions.Becausetheseskillsallowstudentstogainnewinsightsintoeverythingfrompoetryandpaintingstobusinessmodelsandpolitics,humanisticsubjectshavebeenattheheartofaliberalartseducation.Today,humanisticknowledgecontinuestoprovidetheidealfoundationforexploringandunderstandingthehumanexperience.However,withtheeconomicdowntrend,manycollegesanduniversitiesintendtocutliberalartscoursestosavemoney,andstudentsalsotrytotakenaturalsciencecoursestohelpthemseekjobopportunities.Whetherornotstudyingcoursesinthehumanitieshasthusbeeacontroversialquestion.
2self-awareness
Self-awarenessisn’taqualitythatyoudemonstratebytellingastory,butratherithastodowithhowyoutellthestoryandyourabilitytomunicatewhatyoulearned.Beingabletoexplaintotheadmissionsmitteewhyyouvalueoneacplishmentaboveothers,whatyoulearnedfromasetback,orthedeepermeaningofyourcareergoals,isevidenceofself-awareness.Furthermore,theself-awareindividualhasknowledgeofbothhisstrengthsandweaknesses.
3JamesCameron
World-famousdirectorofthemovie,Titanic.Thefilmreceived14AcademyAwardnominationsandwasawarded11Oscars(奥斯卡奖).
4SallyRide
AnAmericanphysicistandformerNASA(m美国国家航空航天局)astronaut.In1983,atage32,shebecamethefirstAmericanwomanandthenyoungestAmericantoenterspace.
5BruceLee
AChinese-Americanactor,martialartsinstructor,philosopher,filmdirector,filmproducer,andscreenwriter.Hewasconsideredthemostinfluentialmartialartistandaculturalicon.BorninSanFrancisco,hewasraisedinHongKonguntilhislateteens.HemovedbacktotheUnitedStatesat18andstudiedphilosophyatWashingtonUniversity.
6GwynethPaltrow
AnAmericanactressandsinger.ShegainedworldwiderecognitionthroughherperformanceinShakesperarinLove(1998),forwhichshewonanAcademyAwardforBestActress.
7ReneeZellweger
AnAmericanactressandproducer.ShereceivedtwonominationsfortheAcademyAwardforBestActressandwontheAcademyAwardforBestSupportingActress.
8MattDamon
AnAmericanactorandscreenwriter.HeandhisfriendBenAffleckwontheAcademyAwardforBestOriginalScreenplayandtheGoldenGlobeAward(金球奖)forBestScreenplayfortheirwork—GoodWillHunting(1997).HealsogotmultipleBestActornominations.
9HaroldVarmus
AnAmericanNobelPrize-winningscientistandthe14thandcurrentDirectoroftheNationalCancerInstitute.Hewasaco-recipientofthe1989NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinefortheirworkontheoriginsofcancer.
10MichaelEisner
AnAmericanbusinessman.HewasthechiefexecutiveofficerofTheWaltDisneypanyfrom1984until2005.
Detailedstudyofthetext
1whenthegoinggetstough,thetoughtakeaccounting.(Para.1)
Meaning:
Whenconditionsorsituationsbeedifficult,determinedpeoplechoosetostudythesubjectofaccounting,hopingtheycanmoreeasilyfindajobinthefuture.
whenthegoinggetstough:
whenthesituationbeesdifficult当形势变得严峻时
Whenthegoinggetstough,womencangetastoughasmen.当形势变得严峻时,女人可以变得跟男人一样坚强。
NOTEAmoremonsayinginthesimilarstrctureis”Whenthegoinggetstough,thetoughgetgoing“.thisisaninformalexpressionandanoldmottomeaning”Whenthesituationbeesdifficult,strongpeopletakethenecessaryactiontodealwithit(艰难之路唯勇者行)”.Nowpeopleoftencreativeusethemotto,byonlyquotingthefirstpart”Whenthegoinggetstough…”.Theauthorisverywittytouse”takeaccounting”heretobehumorousandsarcastic.
accounting:
n.[U]theworkifaccountingorthemethodstheyuse会计;会计学
Students’majorobjectiveistobefinanciallywelloff.Accordingly,todaythemostpopularcourseisnotliteratureirhistorybutaccounting.学生的主要目的是在经济上富裕。
因此,当今最流行的课程不是文学或历史,而是会计。
takeaccounting:
choosetostudythesubjectofaccounting选择会计学
2Whenthejobmarketworsens,manystudentscalculatetheycan’tmajorinEnglishorhistory(Para.1)
Meaning:
Whentherearefeweriobopenings,manycollegestudentsmakeajudgmentfromthesituationandthinktheycan’tstudyEnglishorhistoryastheirmajor.
Meaningbeyondwords:
Manystudentswillnottaketheclassesthatwon’thelpthemlocateadecentjoblater.
calculate:
vt.
1)makeajudgmentaboutwhatislikelytohappenusingtheavailableinformation估计;预测;推测
It’sdifficulttocalculatethelong-termeffectsofthesechangesinthelaw.这些法律上的变化带来的长期影响是难以预测的。
2)findouthowmuchsth.willcost,howlongsth.willtake,etc.byusingnumbers计算,核算
Nowadaystheaccountantsinenterpriseuseputerstocalculatethecostofproductionwithaccuracy.如今,企业财会人员利用电脑来计算准确的生产成本。
Majorin:
(AmE)studysth.asyourmainsubjectatcollegeoruniversity主修(某一)科目
Thehighdemandforpersonswithknowledgeaboutputersiswhychosetomajorinputerscienceattheuniversity.对具有电脑知识人才的高需我选择在大学主修计算机科学的原因。
3Theyhavestudysomethingthatbooststheirprospectsoflandingajob.(Para.1)
Meaning:
Theyhavetostudysomethingthatimprovestheirchancesofsuccessinfindingajob.
Boost:
vt.increaseorimprovesth.tomakeitmoresuccessful促进;推动;使兴旺
Somecountrieshopethatwarmerweatherandmorerainwillboosttheirfarmoutput.一些国家希望更温暖的天气和更多的降雨能提高他们的农业产量。
Prospect:
n.sth.thatispossibleorlikelytohappeninthefuture,orthepossibilityitself可能的事情;很可能发生的事情;前景
Careerprospectsinscienceandtechnologyarevirtuallyunlimited.科技类职业的前景几乎是无可限量的。
4Thedatashowthatasstudentshaveincreasinglyshoulderedtheever-risingcostoftuition,theyhavedefectedfromthestudyofthehumanitiesandtowardappliedscienceand“hard”skillsthattheybetwillleadtoemployment.(Para.2)
Meaning:
Thefactsandinformationshowthatasstudentshavespentincreasinglymoremoneyontuition,theyhaveturnedawayfromthehumanitiestosomepracticalcoursesthattheybelievewillenablethemtogetajobmoreeasily.
Defect:
Vt.leaveacountry,politicalparty,ororganizationtogotoanotherone背叛;叛逃
Hedefectedfromthepartyinthelate1970s.他在20世纪70年代后期背叛了该党。
N.afaultinsb.orsth.缺点;欠缺;不足之处
Stammeringisprobablyaninheriteddefect.口吃可能是一种遗传缺陷。
Defectdeficiency
1在表示“人的缺点,设计制造方面的缺点或缺陷”时,名词defect和deficiency的词义相近。
Physiologicaldefect/deficiency生理缺陷
Thenewcarhadtobewithdrawnfromthemarketbecauseofamechanicaldefect.这款新汽车因有机械缺陷,必须被撤出市场。
Thedeficiencyofthisplanisveryclear,soitcan’tpossiblysucceed.这项计划的缺陷是很明显的,所以它不可能成功
2但表示“缺少,不足”(shortage)时,只可用deficiency
Thereareseriousdeficienciesinthenumberofsuitableaircraft符合要求的飞机数量严重不足
Duringthewarchildrensufferedfromadeficiencyoffood.战争期间孩子们遭受了缺乏食物之苦。
Applied:
a.usedfor
Describingeducationalsubjectswhentheyarestudiedfortheirpracticaluses(学科)应用的,实用的
Industryleaderswantscientiststoengageinbasicresearch,notappliedresearch.产业领导者们希望科学家们从事基础研究,而不是应用研究。
Bet:
vt.befairlysurethatsth.istrue,thatsth.willhappen,ect.,althoughyoucan’tprovethis肯定
Ibetthetrainwillbelate.我敢打赌,列车会晚点
V.riskmoneyontheresultofarace,game,petitionorotherfutureevent下赌注;与……打赌
Ibetmylifethathewilltakemymoneyandlife.我敢用我的命打赌,他将拿着我的钱离开。
5Inotherwords,acollegeeducationismoreandmoreseenasameansforeconomicbettermentratherthanameansforhumanbetterment.(Para.2)
Meaning:
Inotherwords,acollegeeducationismoreconsideredasamethodtoimprovestudents’futureeconomicstatusratherthanimprovehumannatureorbehavior.
Meaningbeyondwords:
Thequalityofacollegeeducationisincreasinglyquestionablebecausethetrendamongmanycollegesistobeemorelikeabusinessandlesslikeanacademicsetting.
6Thisistrendthatislikelytopersistandevenaccelerate.
Meaning:
Verylikely,thetrendwillcontinuetoexistandevengofasterthanever.
Persist:
vt.
1)continuetoexist继续存在;持续
Ifthebadweatherpersists,thefarmerswillsuffergreatlossesthisyear.如果恶劣天气持续,农民今年将遭受巨大的损失。
2)Continuetodosth.,althoughthisisdifficult,orotherpeopleopposeit坚持;执意
Studentsmustpersistintheireffortsiftheywishtodowell.学生如果想取得好成绩就必须坚持努力
Persistinsist
1persist可用来表示“继续存在;持续”,尤其用于不好的事情,而insist没有此意。
Contactyourdoctorifthecoughpersists.如果咳嗽持续,请联系您的医生。
2persist和insist容易混淆主要是当两者均表示“坚持”时。
Persist用于表示“坚持”时,表示“坚持反复做同一件事”,后接介词In,多用于褒义,指“坚持继续做某事”,有时用于贬义,指“不听劝告;顽固坚持”。
Hermothertriedtopersuadehertogotobedearly,butshepersistedinworkinguntilthesmallhours.她的母亲劝她早点睡,但她坚持工作到凌晨。
Hepersistedindrinkingeventhoughthedoctorhadtoldhimthatitdidharmtohisbody.即使医生告诉他饮酒伤身,他仍坚持饮酒。
Insist用于表示“坚持”时,表示“坚持做某件事(尤指麻烦或令人讨厌的事)”,后接介词on。
SheinsistedonwashingherhairjustwhenIwantedtohaveabath.当我想泡个澡的时候,她还在那洗头。
3insist还可用于表示“对意见、主等的坚持”。
Insist用于此意时,后可接介词On,也可以接that引导的从句(是否用虚拟语气,视情况而定,即看从句的容是否为事实),而persist无此意。
Theyinsistonhavingajobdonewellnomatterhowmuchtimeisrequired.他们坚持无论需要多少时间都要将工作做好。
Thedoctorinsistedthatshe(should)takethemedicine,butsheinsistedthatshewasnotill.医生坚持让她服此药,但她坚持自己没病。
Accelerate:
v.happenormakesth.happenatafasterrate(使)加快;促进
Humanactivitiescancauseoracceleratepermanentchangesinnaturalsystems.人类活动可能导致或加速自然系统的永久变化。
7Overthenextfewyears,aslabormarketsstruggle,thehumanitieswillprobablycontinuetheirlongslideinsuccession.
Me