阅读理解训练方法与技巧923.docx

阅读理解训练方法与技巧923.docx

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阅读理解训练方法与技巧923

阅读理解训练方法与技巧（9.23）

考生应能：

①理解主旨和要义；②理解文中具体信息；③根据上下文推断生词的词义；④作出判断和推理；⑤理解文章的基本结构；⑥理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

第一节　考向揭密

考点1主旨大意

一、阅读理解中非常重要的一个技巧就是在阅读中迅速地抓住文章或段落的主旨大意，也就是中心思想。

对于文章或段落的主旨概括设问的形式一般是：

1．Themainideaofthepassage（text）is.

2．Thetext（passage）ismainlyabout.

3．Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss（dealwith）?

4．Whichofthefollowingsentencesbestexpressesthemainidea?

5．Themainpointofthepassageis.

6．Thebestheadlineforthisnewspaperarticlewouldbe.

7．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitletobegiventothearticle?

8．Whatisthetopicofthetext?

9．Themainpurposeofthestoryistotellus.

10．Theconclusionwecangetfromthestoryis.

大家只要记住，看到问题中使用mainly，main，title，headline，topic，conclusion等词时，就得仔细领会文章的主旨大意了。

1．主题句在篇（段）首的结构

这种结构通常用演绎法撰写，遵循从一般到个别（特殊）的步骤，即先概述，然后用细节加以说明。

例：

JaneClark，fair－haired，blue－eyedandtoughassteel，hasjustwonthemostdifficultraceintheworld.Inseventeendaysshedroveadogteamandsledge（雪橇）across1,050milesoftheArcticCircleandthroughsomeofthemostdifficultlandintheworld.Inbitter（刺骨的）windsandsnow－stormsshedroveherdogsalongtheArctictrack,intemperaturesthatreached－38℃.WhenJanewasaskedhowshefeltaboutbeingthefirstwomanevertowintheraceshesaid，“Istillcan'tbelieveit.”Shethenwentovertoinspectherthirteenwild－eyeddogs.DavidWilson，whocamesecond，said，“Itsurehurtswhenayoungwomanisaheadofyou.Butitdoesn'thurtforlong.Shewasagoodwinner.”

1.Whichofthefollowingbestgivesthemainideaofthisnewspaperarticle?

A．Womanwinstheworld'stoughestrace!

B．Womanfightsbitterwindsandsnowstorms!

C．Womanwinsasledgeraceintheworld!

D．WomandrivesadogteamacrosstheArctic!

2．主题句在末尾的结构

尾句是主题句的结构通常是用归纳法撰写的，其步骤是先表述细节或交代论据，最后做出概括性的结论，以总结性的句子收尾。

这种写作方法的特点是从个别到一般，由特殊性到共性。

OnthenightofthepartyMerlinrolledintotheroomplayinghisviolin.Everyonewasastonishedtoseehim.Therewasjustoneproblem.Merlinhadnowaytostophisrollerskates.Herolledonandon.Suddenly，heranintoahugemirrorthatwashangingonthewall.Downfellthemirror，breakingtopieces.NobodyforgotMerlin'sgrandentranceforalongtime!

1.Whatisthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?

A．Therollerskatesneededfurtherimprovement.

B．ThepartygueststookMerlinforafool.

C．Merlinsucceededbeyondexpectation.

D．Merlingothimselfintotrouble.

3．主题句在中间的结构

Whenyouthrowaballupintotheairasfastasyoucan，theballreachesapointwhereitseemstopauseforamoment，andthenitcomesdown.Whenabullet（子弹）isshotstraightup，itwilltravelmuchfasterandhigherthanaball，butit，too，willcomedown.Whatevergoesupmustcomedown.Wehavealwaysthoughtthistobetrue.Anairplanemayclimbtoaheightofseventeenmilesandthentravelfarandlong.Yetitdoesnotstayupforever.Finally，likeeverythingelse，theplanemustcomedown.

请找出主题句，并划线。

考点2细节理解

在阅读考核中，查找主要事实或特定细节常见的题型是：

1．Whichofthefollowingstatementsis（not）true（orcorrect）?

2．Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?

3．Allofthefollowingaretrueexcept.

4．Theauthor（orthepassage）statesthat.

5．Accordingtothepassage，when...?

总之，细节理解题的六大类型是：

1．直接信息题:

在原文中可直接找到答案。

常用who，what，when，where，why和how等提问。

2．语意转换题3．逻辑排序题4．数字计算题5．图形理解题6．是非判断题

（2012·全国Ⅰ）LastnightIwasdrivingfromHarrisburgtoLewisburg，adistanceofabouteightymiles.Itwaslate.SeveraltimesIgotstuckbehindaslow－movingtruckonanarrowroadwithasolidwhitelineonmyleft，andIbecameincreasinglyimpatient.

Atonepointalonganopenroad，Icametoacrossingwithatrafficlight.Iwasaloneontheroadbynow，butasIdrovenearthelight，itturnedredandImadeastop.Ilookedleft，rightandbehindme.Nothing.Notacar，nosuggestionofcarlamps，butthereIsat，waitingforthelighttochange，theonlyhumanbeingforatleastamileinanydirection.

IstartedwonderingwhyIrefusedtorunthelight.Iwasnotafraidofbeingcaught，becausetherewasclearlynopolicemanaround，andtherecertainlywouldhavebeennodangeringoingthroughit.

Muchlaterthatnight，thequestionofwhyI'dstoppedforthatlightcamebacktome.IthinkIstoppedbecauseit'spartofacontract（契约）weallhavewitheachother.It'snotonlythelaw，butit'sanagreementwehave，andwetrusteachothertohonorit：

wedon'tgothroughredlights.

Trustisourfirstinclination（倾向）．Doubtingothersdoesnotseemtobenaturaltous.Thewholeconstructionofoursocietydependsonmutual（相互）trust，notdistrust.Wedowhatwesaywe'lldo；weshowupwhenwesaywe'llshowup；andwepaywhenwesaywe'llpay.Wetrusteachotherinthesematters，andwe'reangryordisappointedwiththepersonororganizationthatbreaksthetrustwehaveinthem.

Iwassoproudofmyselfforstoppingfortheredlightthatnight.

1．Whydidtheauthorgetimpatientwhiledriving?

A．Hewaslonelyontheroad.

B．Hewassloweddownbyatruck.

C．Hegottiredofdrivingtoolong.

D．Hecameacrosstoomanytrafficlights.

2．Whatwastheauthor'simmediateactionwhenthetrafficlightturnedred?

A．Stoppingstill.

B．Drivingthroughit.

C．Lookingaroundforothercars.

D．Checkingoutfortrafficpolice.

3．Theeventmadetheauthorstronglybelievethat.

A．trafficrulesmaybeunnecessary

B．doubtingothersishumannature

C．patienceisimportanttodrivers

D．asocietyneedsmutualtrust

4．Whywastheauthorproudofhimself?

A．Hekepthispromise.

B．Heheldbackhisanger.

C．Hefollowedhisinclination.

D．Hemadearightdecision.

考点2细节理解常见陷阱

陷阱1　张冠李戴

【典例1】ItallstartedwhenGrahamBroad，aprofessorattheUniversityofWesternOntario，foundMcKay'snameinafootnoteinabookaboutuniversityhistory....Outofcuriosity，Broadspenthoursatthelocalarchives（档案馆）inafruitlesssearchforinformationonMcKay.Tiredanddiscouraged，hefinallygaveup.Onhiswayout，Broad'sglancehappenedtofallonanexhibitingcaseshowingsomeoldnewspapers.Hiseyewasdrawntoanoldpictureofayoungmaninarugbyuniform....“Afterlookingforhimallday，therehewas，staringupatmeoutoftheexhibitingcase，”saidBroad.

WhatmadeProfessorBroadcontinuehissearchformoreinformationonMcKay?

A．AuniformofMcKay.

B．AfootnoteaboutMcKay.

C．AbookonMcKay.

D．ApictureofMcKay.

陷阱2　偷梁换柱

【典例2】WhileAmericanrappershavebeenpopularinChinasincethe1990s，homegrownrapdidn'tgainafollowinguntiladecadelater.ThegroupYincang（meaninghidden）isoneofthepioneersofChineserap.ItismadeupofmusicloversfrombothsidesofthePacificOcean：

aBeijinger，aChinese－CanadianandtwoAmericans.

“ThebigchangewaswhenrappersstartedwritinglyricsinChinese，sopeoplecouldunderstand，”saidZhongCheng,27，amemberofthegroupwhowasraisedinCanadabutborninBeijing，wherehereturnedin1997.

WhichofthefollowingisnottrueaboutthegroupYincang?

A．ItisnotaspopularasAmericanrappersinChinain1990s.

B．Therearethreenationalitiesofthegroupmembers.

C．The27－year－oldmemberZhongChengwasborninCanadaandraisedinBeijing.

D．ThegroupYincang（meaninghidden）isaveryearlyrapgroupinChina.

陷阱3　无中生有

【典例3】Yincang'sfirsthitsongwasInBeijing.Itsetsamelody（旋律）playedontheChinesetraditionalmusicinstrumenttheerhuagainstahip－hopbeat.Thesongisaninsider'slookatBeijing'ssightsandsounds，suchastraditionalSiheyuancourtyardcomplexes，thebarareainHouhai，theGuijiefoodstreetandtheclothesmarketnearthezoo.

WhichofthefollowingaboutBeijingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?

A．TraditionalSiheyuancourtyardcomplexes.

B．ThebarareainHouhai.

C．TheWangfujingStreet.

D．Theclothesmarketnearthezoo.

陷阱4　利用数字设陷阱，需要进行数字换算

通常采用的方法有“列表法”、“推算法”等。

【典例】

1.Foreigndriverswillhaveapayon－the－spotfinesofupto￡900forbreakingthetrafficlawtobecarriedoutnextmonth.

Iftheydonothaveenoughcashoraworkingcreditcard，theirvehicleswillbeclamped（扣留）untiltheypayandtheywillfaceanadditionalfeeof￡80forgettingbacktheirvehicles...

Theforeigndriverswhobreakthetrafficlawanddonotpayonthespotarelikelytobefinedupto.

1A．￡60B．￡300C．￡900D．￡980

2.Doesyourlocaltownhaveanickname？

Ifso，whatdoesitsayabouttheareaandthepeoplewholivethere?

Manycitiesarerecognizedacrosstheworldbytheirunofficialtitles.NewYorkistheBigApple，LondonistheBigSmoke，andLosAngelesisfamouslycalledLalaLand（whichusedtomeanthatthepeoplewholivethereareslightlycrazy）．

NowBritain'snationalmappingagency，OrdnanceSurvey，andtheBritishlinguisticscharity，theEnglishProject，arelaunchingaprojecttouncoverthenicknamespeopleuseforlocalplaces.

Theproject，whichgotstartedlastweektocoincidewithEnglishLanguageDay，iscalledLocationLingo.Itaimstoidentifythenamespeopleuseeveryday，whetherit'satermofendearment（昵称）orahatename.

TheUniversityofWinchester'sProfessorBillLucasisasupporteroftheEnglishProject.Heexplainsthatunofficialplacenamesoftenshowwhatpeoplethinkaboutaplace.“Thenamethatpeoplecreateforaplaceformsanemotionalconnection，”hesays.“SoBasingstokebecomesAmazingstoke，SwindonisknownasSwindumpandPadstow，hometownofchefRickStein，isnicknamedPadstein.”

BasingstokeisatownincentralEngland.Thelocalnickname，Amazingstoke，showstheaffectionthatlocalsseemtohaveforthearea.Swindon，ontheotherhand，issometimescalledSwindump，showingthatsomepeoplethinkit'sadump（垃圾场）．StanfordLeHopeinEssexiscalledStanfordNoHopebylocals.AndPadstowinCornwallissocloselyassociatedwiththelocalcelebrityRickSteinthatit'sbecomeknownasPadstein.

Sincelaunchingtheonlinedatabaselast