欲望驱动下的嘉莉妹妹SisterCarrierundertheDriveof.docx

欲望驱动下的嘉莉妹妹SisterCarrierundertheDriveof.docx

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欲望驱动下的嘉莉妹妹SisterCarrierundertheDriveof

欲望驱动下的嘉莉妹妹

SisterCarrierundertheDriveofDesire

内容摘要

《嘉莉妹妹》是美国闻名的自然主义小说家西奥多·德莱塞的第一部长篇小说，讲述的农村少女嘉莉如何从社会的底层一跃而成为百老汇明星的经历，生动地展现了嘉莉的欲望不断增大永无止境的图画。

　　　　嘉莉·米贝前后经历了寻觅工作的艰辛、疾病的困扰和失业的痛楚。

为了生存，她第一做了推销员杜洛埃的情妇，后来又与酒店领导赫斯特伍德私奔。

在纽约赫斯特伍德也丢掉了工作，为生活所迫，她在一家剧院当上了一名合唱演员。

一个偶然的机遇一举成名，挤进了上流社会，似乎实现了朝思暮想的愿望，但是在故事的结尾她仍然坐在摇椅里妄图着自己的幸福。

究其缘故，是因为嘉莉自始至终都被欲望差遣着，欲望使她永久不知足于现状，不断地寻觅下一个目标。

她的欲望是多种因素促成的。

关键词：

欲望；因素；结果

Abstract

SisterCarrieisthefirstnovelofthefamousAmericannaturalisticnovelistTheodoreDreiser.IttellstheexperienceoftheruralgirlCarrie,whocamefromthelowersocialclass,andthewayshejumpedintoaBroadwaystar,andvividlyshowsusthepictureswhichwerefullofCarrie’sincreasingendlessdesire.

SisterCarrierhasgonethroughthehardshipsofjobhunting,diseasesandunemployment.Inordertosurviveinthebigcity,shefirstbecamethemistressofthesalesmanDrouet,andlaterelopedwiththehotelmanagerHurstwood.However,HurstwoodlosthisjobinNewYork.Forthesakeoflife,Carrierbecameachorusactor.AnaccidentalopportunityputCarriertofame,andlethersqueezeintothehighsociety.Itseemedthatsherealizedthedesire,butattheendofthestory,shestillsitsintherocking-chairdreamingofherownhappiness.Traceittoitscause,itismainlythatCarriewasdrivenfromthebeginningtotheendbythedesirethatnevermadehersatisfiedwiththestatusquo,andthatsheconstantlysearchforanothergoal.Herdesireswereprocuredbymanyfactors.

KeyWords：

desire;factors;results

Contents

Sinceitspublicationin1900,SisterCarriehasbeenwidelyreadandstudiedasoneofthefamousclassicsinthetwentiethcentury.Accordingly,ahostofreaderandcriticstrytoreadandrereaditfromdifferentangleseitheronthebasisofliterarycriticismorbytheirkeenperception.Foryears,thestudiesonSisterCarrieasTheodoreDreiser’sfamousnovelhaveappearedtobediversified,andmanycriticshavebeeninclinedtoreaditasanaturalisticnovel.Naturalismemphasizesheredityandenvironmentasimportantdeterministicforcesshapingindividualizedcharactersthatwerepresentedinspecialanddetailedcircumstances.However,fewofthescholarshaveeverattemptedtothedriveofCarrie’sdesire.Therefore,itisnecessarytoanalyzeCarrie’sdesire,thetwofactorsforherdesire,andtheresultofherpursuitofdesire.

1ThebiggestdesireofCarrieMeeber

CarrieMeebercametoChicagoduetoherenvyforthemetropolitanmateriallife.Shehasgonethroughthehardshipsofjobhunting,diseasesandunemployment.Inordertosurviveinthebigcity,shefirstbecamethemistressofthesalesmanDrouet,andlaterelopedwiththehotelmanagerHurstwood.However,HurstwoodlosthisjobinNewYork.Forthesakeoflife,Carrierbecameachorusactor.AnaccidentalopportunityputCarriertofameandmadehersqueezeintothehighsociety,whichwasherbiggestdesire.

2FactorsforHerDesire

Thefactorsforherdesireinclude:

externalfactorandinternalfactor.SisterCarrie’sdesirewasbehindtheindustrializationandurbanization’sdriveofthedevelopmentofsociety,andinthelate19thandearly20thcentury,theUnitedStateshadaprofoundchangetotheproduction-orientedideologyandtheconsumer-orientedideologywasgraduallyreplacedbyitbecauseaftertheCivilWarrapideconomicdevelopment,industrializationandurbanizationtogetherreachedunprecedentedlevels,andcommoditywasrich.

ExternalFactors

Externalfactorsinclude:

influenceofconsumption，attractionoftheexpensivecommoditiesandinfluenceofthepeoplearoundCarrieMeeber.Thisdesirewastokeepherpurchase,consumptionofnewproducts,tosatisfyhervanity,herenjoymentofluxurygoodstoenhancethevalueofhappiness.Butthishappinesswastemporary,becausetheluxurygoodshadendlessvariety,whensheboughtacommodity,analternativehademerged,herdesirepromptedhertobuyanother,morefashionable,moreluxuriousaccessories,soherdesirewasneversatisfied.

InfluenceofConsumptionConcept

Inthelate19thearly20thcentury,theAmericansocietywitnessedaprofoundtransformation,andtheproduction-orientedideologyofconsumerideologywasgraduallybeingreplacedbecauseaftertheCivilWarpoliticalstability,rapideconomicdevelopment,industrializationandurbanizationreachedunprecedentedlevels.Tofurtherdevelopeconomy,itwasnecessarytomaximizeconsumption.Todothispeoplewereencouragedtocompetewitheachotherandtoshowoffflourishedconsumerculture:

therichbuiltmansionsandboughtexpensiveclothes;menwereproudofattractingandoccupyingthemostbeautifulwoman.Therefore,peopleshouldlistentoinstinct,"asconsumerswillmakepleasureastheirownobligations,enjoymentandsatisfactionasacause"[1].

Inthissocialenvironment,Carriewaseagertosharegoods,especiallythosenewclothes,nicecarriagesandthelike;andexpectedtousetheseitemstoenhancehervalueandsocialstatus.Sowhenshesawanarrayofmerchandiseinstores,shecouldnothelpbutfeelextremelyimportanttohavethese.Sheenteredtheconsumptioncenter—thecitybefore,andshehadalreadyfelttheappealofcommodities-salesmansellingfashionableclothesthere.WhenshearrivedinChicago,shesoondiscoveredheroldclothesinasmalltrunkcouldonlyshowherhumblestatus.Surroundedbyahugevarietyofbeautifulandseductiveadvertisingandarticles,shefeltpainjustaspeopleoutsidethecity,asshecouldnothavethegoodswanted.Therefore,aseriesofurbanadventurehappenedlater,showingthatshesparednoefforttobeacityconsumer.Sheunderstoodthatclothingwasthelanguageinwhichtheyallunderstoodtheconsumption-centeredsociety.So,toalargeextent,theconsumptionconceptarousedCarrie’sendlessdesire.

ComingtoChicagotohuntjobforthefirsttime,Carrienoticedanarrayofmerchandiseinthebusinessdistrictthat-jewelry,clothing,shoes,stationery,jewelry.Allthismadeherenvious.Everyornament,everypieceofvaluablethingswastoherwithinfinitemagic.Inherview,"thereisnothingthatsheneednot,thereisnothingthatshedidnotwant.Exquisiteslippersandstockings,beautifulruffledshirtandskirt,lace,ribbons,combs,wallets,Everythingaffectsherpersonaldesires"[2].Thosebeautifuldressedwomendespisedher,andlookeddownuponher.Meanwhile,shecouldseehermiseyandlackofmanners.Atthispointshewasjealous.Shewasdimlyawarethatthecityprovidedforthewomanallherprettythings-fortune,fashionable,comfortable,andshewaswholeheartedlylongingfortheclothing,andbeautifulapperance.Shewasvaguelyawareofthewealthandcomfortownedbythecitypeople.

TheAmericananthropologistSahelisi（MarshallSahlins）said:

"dressisnotjustaseriesofobjectstowear,butalsosymbolsthroughwhichpeoplecanknowwhichmembersofsocialgroupsthewearersbelongto,showdifferencesbetweenmenandwomenordifferentsociallevels,andrevealstheexistenceofgendersorsocialclassdifferences."[3]Carrie,asaruralgirlfarawayfromherDuchuangcity,wasfulloffear;becauseshewantedtochangeherlowsocialstatus.Thesimplicityofherdressimpliedherlowsocialstatus.Shefounditdifficulttocomparewiththeupperclasspeople.Thisgaveheradeepsenseofinferiority,andshewasdeterminedtochangeherdestiny.

Soforthefirsttimetofindajobintheshoefactory,herweeklymoneywereonlyfourandahalf,butinherdreamshehadarrangedthispoorwagesmanytimesthanitsvalue.Shethoughtthatherbigconsumptivechancefinallycame.Shecansafelypurchasethefashionessentialsofhermind.Thiswaswhythesameeveningshewaseagertoinvitehersisterandhersister’shusbandtothetheater.Fromhereyoucanseehoweagershewastoconsumegoodsinthestore,dressherself,makepeopleeasytorecognizehersocialstatusandvalue.

Beautifulclothesinthestorewasagreattemptationforher,Carrieseemedtobeabletohearthesethingssoftlywhisperedtoher.Whenshefeltwhentheytalk,herheart’sdesirewashappytobowtheirheadstolisten.

Carriewasaremarkablecharacterbecauseshewaspassiveuntilinfluencedbythepeoplearoundher.WhenCarriereachedChicago,shelivedwithhersisterMinnieandMinnie’shusbandHanson.Mr.HansononlyspokebrieflywithCarriebeforegoingtobedearlierthanhiswife,claimingthathehadtogetupearlythenextmorning.CarrielearnedthatMinnie,whostayedupwithher,actuallyhadtogetupevenearlierinordertomakehimbreakfastandgethimreadytogotowork.Thisrathercomicalscenehappenedtobepartofalarger,moreseriousproblem.CarriewasunableandunwillingtolivethekindoflifethatMinniewassatisfiedwith.

ThedistinctionbetweentheHansonsandCarriewasdrawnevenwiderbecauseofthemoney.ForCarrie,moneyrepresentedpossibilities.Thusinthedepartmentstoreshecontemplatedtheamountofthingsshecanbuy.MinnieandSvenpreferredtofocusonhowmuchmoneycanprovideinthefuture.Theydisapprovedofgoingtothetheatrebecauseitusedupmoneywithnopossibilityoffuturegain.Indeed,asDreisertoldthereadermorethanonce,theirentirereasonforacceptingCarriewasbecauseshecanpayrent.Besides,shesawtheterriblefuturefromhersister,soshedecidednottocontinueherlifelikethat.

ShewasinfluencedbyotherwomensuchasMrs.HaleandMrs.Vance,toopenhereyestonewwealth.Mrs.HaleintroducedCarrietothemansionsinChicago,madeCarriedesiredsomethingalittlebetterthanwhatDrouetcouldofferher.didthesamethingbyshowingCarrietheBroa