考研英语基础阅读陈正康.docx
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考研英语基础阅读陈正康
2016考研英语阅读基础班讲义
(适合英语一及英语二考生)
陈正康博士编讲
1994Passage2
OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofus,the"cashlesssociety"isnotonthehorizon—it'salreadyhere.
Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons.Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.
Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.
55.Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto________.
[A]withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishes
[B]obtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledo
[C]enjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeeper
[D]cashmoneywhereverhewishesto
56.Fromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat________.
[A]inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcards
[B]creditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatetoday
[C]nowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayincash
[D]itisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbefore
57.Thephrase"ringupsales"(line2,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans"________".
[A]makeanorderofgoods
[B]recordbasicsalesonacashregister
[C]callthesalesmanager
[D]keeptrackofthegoodsinstock
58.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?
[A]Approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers.
[B]Conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness.
[C]Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.
[D]Advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness.
1995text4
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent—A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.
OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:
rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:
"Rejoice,weconquer!
"
Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.
Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB's.Theworldneedstypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild'spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.
Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B'sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.
63.Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsareusually________.
[A]impatient
[B]considerate
[C]aggressive
[D]agreeable
64.Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause________.
[A]thepressureistoogreatonthestudents
[B]somestudentsareboundtofail
[C]failureratesaretoohigh
[D]theresultsofexaminationsaredoubtful
65.Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsiscurrentlybasedon________.
[A]candidates'sensitivity
[B]academicachievements
[C]competitivespirit
[D]surervalues
66.Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat________.
[A]thepersonalityofachildiswellestablishedatbirth
[B]familyinfluencedominatestheshapingofone'scharacteristics
[C]thedevelopmentofone'spersonalityisduetomultiplefactors
[D]B-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceinacompetitivesociety
1997text1
Itwas3:
45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup'son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:
"Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn'tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It'sworldhistory."
Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia—whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart—otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.
UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath—probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill—toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera"coolingoff"periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:
aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition."I'mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,becauseI'vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,"hesays.
51.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat________.
[A]theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountries
[B]physiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia
[C]changingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelaw
[D]ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw'spassage
52.Whentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeans________.
[A]observersaretakingawait-and-seeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasia
[B]similarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountries
[C]observersarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoes
[D]theeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastop
53.WhenLloydNicksondies,hewill________.
[A]facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia
[B]experiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient
[C]haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering
[D]undergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendays
54.Theauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof________.
[A]opposition
[B]suspicion
[C]approval
[D]indifference
1997Passage5
Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"or"atouchonthebrakes",makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrearviewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.
Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedoubl