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考研真题考研英语真题和答案
2021年考研真题2021年考研英语真题和答案
2021年考研英语真题和答案
SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:
Readthefollowingtext.Choose
thebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET
1.（10
points）Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.
1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer’spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruit
flieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly
2toliveshorterlives.This
suggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan4innotbeingtooterrificallybright.Intelligence,
it5out,isahigh-pricedoption.It
takesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual7—insteadofinstinct.Plenty
ofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8.Is
thereanadaptivevalueto9intelligence?
That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.I
likeit.Instead
ofcastingawistfulglance
10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal
11ofourownintelligencemightbe.This
is
12themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.Research
onanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould
13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Every
catwithanowner,
14,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.we
believethat
15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto
16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.They
wouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally
17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18
theywouldhopetostudya
19question:
Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?
20theresultsareinconclusive.1.
[A]Suppose[B]Consider[C]Observe[D]Imagine
2.[A]
tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened3.[A]
thinner[B]stabler[C]lighter[D]dimmer4.[A]
tendency[B]advantage[C]inclination[D]priority5.[A]
insistson[B]sumsup[C]turnsout[D]putsforward6.[A]
off[B]behind[C]over[D]along7.[A]
incredible[B]spontaneous[C]inevitable[D]gradual8.[A]
fight[B]doubt[C]stop[D]think9.[A]
invisible[B]limited[C]indefinite[D]different
10.[A]
upward[B]forward[C]afterward[D]backward
11.[A]
features[B]influences[C]results[D]costs
12.[A]
outside[B]on[C]by[D]across
13.[A]
deliver[B]carry[C]perform[D]apply
14.[A]
bychance[B]incontrast[C]asusual[D]forinstance
15.[A]
if[B]unless[C]as[D]lest
16.[A]
moderate[B]overe[C]determine[D]reach
17.[A]
at[B]for[C]after[D]with
18.[A]
Aboveall[B]Afterall[C]However[D]Otherwise
19.[A]
fundamental[B]prehensive[C]equivalent[D]hostile
20.[A]
Byaccident[B]Intime[C]Sofar[D]BetterstillSectionIIReadingprehensionPartADirections:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer
thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Mark
youranswersonANSWERSHEET
1.（40
points）Text1Habitsareafunnything.We
reachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciousfortoffamiliarroutine.“Not
choice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe
19thcentury.In
theever-changing
21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.So
itseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.But
brainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.But
don’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocus,they’retheretostay.Instead,
thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.“The
firstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“But
wearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.A
goodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchers
inthelate
1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:
analytically,procedurally,relationally（orcollaboratively）andinnovatively.At
puberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.The
currentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“This
breaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.
Ryan,authorofthe
20xxbook“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova’s
businesspartner.“That’s
aliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfostersmonness.Knowing
whatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitsesin.21.
TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeingA.casual
B.familiar
C.mechanical
D.changeable.
22.The
researchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbeA.predicted
B.regulated
C.traced
D.guided
23.”ruts”（inlineone,paragraph3）hasclosestmeaningtoA.tracks
B.series
C.characteristics
D.connections
24.Ms.
Markova’smentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting?
A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformedB,nolongeremphasizesmonnessC,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodelD,plieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem
25.Ryan
mostprobablyagreethatA.ideas
arebornofarelaxingmindB.innovativeness
couldbetaughtC.decisiveness
derivesfromfantasticideasD.curiosity
activatescreativemindsText
2Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal（fatherly）wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.All
heneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit（PTK）athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.More
than60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbeeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.More
thantwodozenpaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.Among
themostpopular:
paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.Most
testsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothepanyfortesting.All
testsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtopareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.He
notesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yet
mostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.This
DNAcanrevealgeicinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexle,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,
14othergreat-great-grandparents.Critics
alsoarguethatmercialgeictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasleispared.Databases
usedbysomepaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.This
meansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthepanythatprocessestheresults.In
addition,theputerprogramsapanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.
26.Inparagraphs
1and
2,thetextshowsPTK’s___________.[A]easy
availability[B]flexibilityinpricing[C]successfulpromotion[D]popularitywithhouseholds
27.PTK
isusedto__________.[A]locate
one’sbirthplace[B]promotegeicresearch[C]identifyparent-childkinship[D]choosechildrenforadoption
28.Skeptical
observersbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto__________.[A]trace
distantancestors[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines[C]fullyusegeicinformation[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy
29.In
thelastparagraph,aproblemmercialgeictestingfacesis__________.[A]disorganized
datacollection[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding30.An
appropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe__________.[A]Fors
andAgainstsofDNAtesting[B]DNAtestingandIt’sproblems[C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab[D]liesbehindDNAtestingText3Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.We
arefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.The
findingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradical
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