Part TwoThe 19th Century Novel.docx

Part TwoThe 19th Century Novel.docx

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PartTwoThe19thCenturyNovel

HistoryoftheEnglishNovel

PartOneTheEighteenthCentury

I.HistoricalBackground

（keywords）peacefulsocialenvironment;IndustrialRevolution,prosperityinindustry,commerceandtrade;readingpublicexpansion;anewliteraryformneeded.

II.TheRiseoftheNovel

ThenovelaswenowthinkofitemergedinEnglandinearlyeighteenthcentury,orwesaythe18th-centuryEnglandsawtheriseandgrowthofanewliteraryform--modernnovel.However,withouttheliteraryactivitieshappeningbeforethenovelwriting,thenovelcouldn'tmaturedinthecentury.Nothingwillcomeofnothing.Intermsofnarrative,thenoveldrewalotfromthosewritingsthatprecededitsuchasepic,legend,romance,etc.

Thenovelmetreaders'needsandgavethementertainmentandinstruction.Itbecamethemostprominentachievementof18thcenturyliterature.

III.SchoolsofLiteratureandFamousNovelists

1.Realism（def.faithfuldetails,reproductionoftypicalcharactersundertypicalcircumstances）.

1）DanielDefoe:

oftencalledthewriterwholaunchedtheEnglishnovel.

RobinsonCrusoe---Defoe'sfinestwork.

MollFlanders---theadventurousandmiserablelifeofawoman,inwhichtheauthorshowsanoteofsocialcriticism,criticismofthedisregardforthedemoralizingeffectofpoverty.

2）HenryFielding:

oftennamedfatheroftheEnglishnovel;greatcontributiontotheplotofnovelandtotheconceptoffictionalhero.

TomJones---Fielding'sgreatestnovel.

JosephAndrews---hecalledit"acomicepicinprose".PartofthenovelisaparodyofthemainthemeofRichardson'sPamela.FieldingridiculesallthatseemstohimtobeunrealisticandfalseinRichardson'snovel.

3）JonathanSwift:

famousBritishsatirist.

Gulliver'sTravels---usingsatiricalallegory,itbringsverisimilitudetotheadventuresandthechroniclingofhumanlife;itexpressesSwift'smoralcriticismofhisworld.

2.Sentimentalism（def.withrealismasbasis,anoverindulgenceinemotion,anoptimisticoveremphasisonthegoodnessofhumanity）.

1）.SamuelRichardson:

theinventerofepistolarynovel.Hissentimentalismismixedupwithmorality.

Pamela,or,VirtueRewarded---tellsthestoryofapoorservant-girlandthesonofheremployers.

ClarissaHarlowe---anepistolarynovel.Thestory,whichcomprisesthelongestEnglishnovel,istoldbymeansof537letters.Clarissa,apureandhigh-mindedgirlofabigfamily,inwhoseefforttoescapefromaforcedmarriageandherunhappyhome,fallsintothetrapofherloverMrLovelace.Sheispersecutedandruined,anddiesinbroken-heartedshame.Themoralaimoftheauthorwastoshow"thedistressesthatmayattendmisconductbothofparentsandchildreninrelationofmarriage".

2）.TobiasSmollett:

ahumorist,hismeldingofsatiricintentionwithrealistictechnique,hismixtureofsentiment,romanceandsocialcriticism.

HumphryClinker---apicaresquenovelrelatingtheadventuresofBramblefamilyastheytravelthroughEnglandandScotland.Alaughablestory.

3）.LawrenceSterne:

asentimentalist,whosentimentswithwitandhumor,hisgeniusinoverturningthesetconventionsoftheinfantnovelgenre.Thecomplexityofhiscreationofapersona.

TristramShandy---aworkwhichbreaksthenarrativeformofthenovel,andapplyingpsychologicaltheories,undertakestheexplorationoftheinnerlife.Ithasuniquenessinwritingtechnique:

characters'talksjumpfromtopictotopicandcanneverbekeptinthemainline;grammarandrhetoricarethrownoverboard;digressionsregardedas"thelife,thesoulofreading".

ASentimentalJourney---anarrativeoftheauthor'spersonalexperiencesoftravelonthecontinent.Weseetearsforapoormonk,foranoldmanandhisassontheroadside;theauthorsaidtohimself,"Didweloveeachother,asthispoorsoulbutlovedhisass?

"Thenovelexposesthevicesandfolliesofvarioussocialclasses.

3.Gothicism（def.worksfullofhorrorsandmysteries;Gothictalesusuallyhavestrangethingshappeninginfrighteningplacessuchashauntedcastles,graveyardsorruins）.

HoraceWalpole:

hismasterpieceisCastleofOtranto.

AFarewelltoArmsbyE.Hemingway

A.Thetheme:

1.Thetitleitselfhasastronganti-warnotion.Thenoveldescribestheconditionofmaninasocietyupsetbytheviolenceofwar.Thestoryisaboutwarandlove.Barkley'sdyingisdirectlyassociatedandinterwovenwiththeeffectofwar,herdeathisacondemnationofthewar.

2.Henry'sbeliefinpatriotismofwarfare,histrustinreligion,hishopeindoctor,andhisloveforandfromBarkley,arealldefeatedbytherealityinthewar.Hecomestoseethattheworldisfullofcruelty,setback,failure,disillusionment,anddeath.

B.TheArtistry:

1.Thestoryistoldinthefirstperson.Thenarratoristheheroofthenovel.

2.Thelanguageisaspare,tightreportorialprosebasedonsimplesentencestructure.

3.Repetitionofkeywords;concisedialogue.

4.Symbolism:

1）.Themountainimage（nature）,istheimageoflifeandhome,withadry-coldweather,withpeaceandquiet,withlove,dignity,health,andhappiness.

2）.Theplainimage（society）,istheimageofwaranddeath,withlow-lyingplains,withrainandfog,withdisease,suffering,nervousness,waranddeath.

3）.Therainimage,suggestsdifficulty,misfortuneanddisaster.Theword"rain"appearsinthenovelforover30times.

PartTwoThe19thCenturyNovel

HistoricalBackground:

twoopposingclasses—thebourgeoisieandtheproletariat,andthecontradictionbetweenthem;ChartistMovement;coloniessetup,BritishEmpire.

SchoolsofLiteratureandFamousNovelists:

1.Classicism（emphasisonreason;followingsomelawsandrulesdrawnfromGreekandRomanworks;theunitiesoftime,placeandaction;normanddecorum）

JaneAusten（1775-1817）:

Aclassicalwriter,shedisplaysherrealisticvisioninclassicalstyle;shesolvedtheproblemoftherelationofarttolife,wroteofordinarythingsandcommoncharacters;herthemesareaboutloveandmarriageoftheyoungpeople;herfemaleexquisitetouchhasnomatch.Hernoveliscalled“novelofmanners”.

PrideandPrejudice:

Itshowshergeneralviewonloveandmarriage.Throughseveraltypesofmarriage,sheexplainsherideaofbeingrationalinloveandmarriage.

SenseandSensibility:

ladiesandgentlemen,loveandmarriage.

2.Romanticism（emphasisonemotion,individuality,subjectivity,freedom,imagination,exaggeration,primitivism,celebrationofnaturalbeautyandsimplelife）

WalterScott（1771-1832）:

Aromantic,thefounderandgreatmasterofthehistoricalnovel.Hewrote30novelsinall.Inhistoricalnovel,principalcharacterandeventarehistoricalandminoronesarefictitious;combinationofhistoricalfactsandromanticimagination;theinfluenceofhisromantichistoricalnovelhasspreadalloverEuropeandAmerica,andhasremainedoneofthemostpopularliterarytypesrightuptothepresent.HollywoodowesagreatdebttoScott.

Ivanhoe:

AnovelaboutthehistoryofEngland.ItscentralconflictisthestruggleoftheAnglo-SaxonpeasantryagainsttheiroppressorstheNormanlords.TheminorconflictisthecontradictionbetweenRichardIandhisbrotherPrinceJohn.Therearevividdescriptionsofvariousstrataofpeople.

TheHeartofMidlothian

TheHeartofMidlothian:

AnovelonthehistoryofScotland,issetin1736.Theauthorcombinedthefateoftheindividualwiththeimportanthistoricalevent,throughwhichhereflectedtheconflictbetweencountryandtownthenationalcontradictionbetweenScotlandandEnglandandshowedthetremendousforceofthepeople.ThroughthedifferentroadsthetwosistersJennieandEffietakeandtheirfates,Scotttriestoshowatruththatguilt,thoughitmayattaintemporalsplendour,cannevergiverealhappiness;andthatthepathsofvirtue,thoughseldomthoseofworldlygreatness,arealwaysofpleasantnessandpeace.TheheroineJennie,acountrygirl,isofhonesty,courage,fortitude,andsternconscience.SheistherepresentativeofScottishnationaldisposition.

3.CriticalRealism:

（sympathyforthelaboringpeople;exposureandcriticismofthesocialevil;failuretoseecorrectwayout.）

1）.CharlesDickens:

thegreatestnovelistofthe19thcentury;therepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealism,hisremark“civilizationandbarbarismwalkedthisboastfulIslandforward”;goodatdepictingshabbygenteel,themiseryandsufferingsofthecommonpeople

periodone:

naïveyouthfuloptimismwithhumorandwishfulthinking.OliveTwist:

attackonthedehumanizingworkhousesystemandthedark,criminalunderworldlife;happyending-hisoptimisticbelief.

Periodtwo:

excitementandirritation.DavidCopperfield

Periodthree:

intensifyingpessimism.ATaleofTwoCities:

withFrenchRevolutionasbackground;characters:

Dr.Manette,MadameDefarge,StEvremonde;exposureofthecruelaristocracy,respectforthosebenevolentpeople,claimforsocialreformandhumanity;wherethereisoppressionthereisresistance

FeaturesofC.Dickens’snovels:

1.criticalrealism:

2.differentthoughtsshownatdifferentperiods:

3.writingtechnique:

well-designedinterestingplot;character—individuality;simplicityoflanguage;humourstyle;dramaticexaggeration;detaileddescription;uniqueabilityinwritingpoorchildren.

2）.W.M.Thackeray:

hissatiricalportrayaloftheupperstrataofsociety.

VanityFair:

ANovelwithoutaHero:

aclassicalexampleofsocialsatire;snobberyandhypocrisyoftheEnglishbourgeoisandaristocraticsociety.

Characters:

BeckySharp—anadventuress,heronlyaspirationinlifeistogainwealthandpositionbyanymeans

AmeliaSedley—atame,sentimentalbutuselesswoman.

3）.TheBronteSisters:

Charlotte