高考英语阅读理解主旨概括题专项训练.docx

高考英语阅读理解主旨概括题专项训练.docx

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高考英语阅读理解主旨概括题专项训练

高考英语阅读理解主旨概括题专项训练

第一章主旨概括常见题干

1．Themainideaofthepassage（text）is_____.

2．Thetext（passage）ismainlyabout_____.

3．Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss（dealwith）?

4．Whichofthefollowingsentencesbestexpressesthemainidea?

5．Themainpointofthepassageis______.

6．Thebestheadlineforthisnewspaperarticlewouldbe_____.

7．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitletobegiventothearticle?

8．Whatisthetopicofthetext?

9．Themainpurposeofthestoryistotellus_____.

10.Theconclusionwecangetfromthestoryis_____.

二、阅读技巧

1．主题句在篇（段）首的结构

　　这种结构通常用演绎法撰写，遵循从一般到个别（特殊）的步骤，即先概述，然后用细节加以说明。

请看91年的PassageC:

　JaneClark,fair-haired,blue-eyedandtoughassteel,hasjustwonthemostdifficultraceintheworld.Inseventeendaysshedroveadogteamandsledge（雪橇）across1,050milesoftheArcticCircleandthroughsomeofthemostdifficultlandintheworld.Inbitter（刺骨的）windsandsnow-stormsshedroveherdogsalongtheArctictrack,intemperaturesthatreached-38℃.WhenJanewasaskedhowshefeltaboutbeingthefirstwomanevertowintheraceshesaid,"Istillcan'tbelieveit."Shethenwentovertoinspectherthirteenwild-eyeddogs.DavidWilson,whocamesecond,said,"Itsurehurtswhenayoungwomanisaheadofyou.Butitdoesn'thurtforlong.Shewasagoodwinner."

76.Whichofthefollowingbestgivesthemainideaofthisnewspaperarticle?

　A.Womanwinstheworld'stoughestrace!

B.Womanfightsbitterwindsandsnow-storms!

　C.Womanwinsasledgeraceintheworld!

　D.WomandrivesadogteamacrosstheArctic!

　这篇文章的首句就是主题句，其后的句子或是具体说明“世界上最困难的比赛”，或是从侧面说明赢得这场比赛的不易。

本篇的终结句进一步呼应了主题句。

所以答案是A。

2．主题句在末尾的结构

　　尾句是主题句的结构通常是用归纳法撰写的，其步骤是先表述细节或交代论据，最后做出概括性的结论，以总结性的句子收尾。

这种写作方法的特点是从个别到一般，由特殊性到共性。

请看98年PassageA的最后一段：

　　　OnthenightofthepartyMerlinrolledintotheroomplayinghisviolin.Everyonewasastonishedtoseehim.Therewasjustoneproblem.Merlinhadnowaytostophisrollerskates.Herolledonandon.Suddenly,heranintoahugemirrorthatwashangingonthewall.Downfellthemirror,breakingtopieces.NobodyforgotMerlin'sgrandentranceforalongtime!

54.Whatisthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?

　A.Therollerskatesneededfurtherimprovement.B.ThepartygueststookMerlinforafool.

　C.Merlinsucceededbeyondexpectation.　D.Merlingothimselfintotrouble.

　　这段文字从Merlin入场的细节叙述，最后一句做了归纳总结：

“很长一段时间大家都没有忘记Merlin不同凡响的入场。

”可见Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。

答案当然是C了。

3.主题句在中间的结构

　　有些主题句既不在篇（段）首，也不在篇（段）尾，而是处于篇章（或段落）的中间。

这样的结构往往先以一句或几句为主题句的出现作铺垫，或是交代细节或论据。

在主题句出场后，仍有适当数量的句子陈述细节或继续给予例证。

　　这类结构包括三个层次：

引题——主题思想——解释或继续给予例证。

从它的写作程序来看，也可分为三部曲：

归纳——结论——演绎，即给出一两个例证之后，做出概括性的总结，然后再给予例证来证实其论点。

请看下例：

　　Whenyouthrowaballupintotheairasfastasyoucan,theballreachesapointwhereitseemstopauseforamoment,andthenitcomesdown.Whenabullet（子弹）isshotstraightup,itwilltravelmuchfasterandhigherthanaball,butit,too,willcomedown.Whatevergoesupmustcomedown.Wehavealwaysthoughtthistobetrue.Anairplanemayclimbtoaheightofseventeenmilesandthentravelfarandlong.Yetitdoesnotstayupforever.Finally,likeeverythingelse,theplanemustcomedown.

　本段文字中用斜体显示的这句话就是主题句。

其行文顺序和写作程序与上述的模式完全吻合。

4.没有主题句的结构

　没有主题句的篇章（或段落），并不是没有主题思想，它们的主题思想不是由具体的某句话表示的，而是在文中含蓄地存在着，需要读者自己归纳总结。

这种结构通常是叙述一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。

请看92年的PassageA:

　　ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebitten（咬）bysnakes."Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakebites（伤口）thatledmetothiscareer,"hesaid.

　　In1963,afterhisarmyservice,ShuenteredamedicalschoolandlaterbecameadoctorofChinesemedicine.Aspartofhisstudieshehadtoworkinthemountains.Thereheoftenheardofpeoplewhohadtheirarmsandlegscutoffafterasnakebiteinordertosavetheirlives.

　　"IwasgreatlyupsetbythestoryofanoldfarmerImet.Itwasaveryhotafternoon.Theoldmanwaspullinggrassinhisfieldswhenhefeltapaininhislefthand.Heatoncerealizedhehadbeenbittenbyapoisonoussnake.Innotimehewrappedaclothtightlyaroundhisarmtostopthepoisonspreadingtohisheart.Rushinghomeheshouted,‘Bringmetheknife'Minuteslaterthemanlosthisarmforever."

"ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes"Shusaid.

Thebestheadline（标题）forthisnewspaperarticleis_____.

A.AstonishingMedicine　　B.FarmerLosesArmC.DangerousBites　　D.SnakeDoctor

　　文章陈述了一系列同等重要的细节，都是围绕“一位治疗毒蛇咬伤的医生”展开的。

所以最好的标题便是D了。

　　Inshort,正确理解文章或段落的主题思想是阅读的首要目的。

因此，提高识别文章结构并准确找出主题句的能力和准确归纳总结出无主题句文章的主题思想的能力，是提高阅读理解能力的重要环节。

而从无主题句的文章中总结出主题思想的能力尤其是考试的重点，也是我们平常阅读训练时难度较大的一项，这就需要我们在阅读任何文章时都要下意识地归纳总结其主旨大意。

（Ex.1）Mikeisafreshman（新生）incollege.Heisalsotryingtoearnthemoneyheneedstoliveon.Asaresult,heworksfortyhoursaweekatagasolinestation.ButthisworkmustbedoneatnightbecauseMikeisafull-timecollegestudent.Mikealsotriestomaketimeforthingsheenjoysdoingthatarenotrelatedtocollegeandwork.Helikestoskiinwinterandplayinsummer.However,heisfindinglessandlesstimeforthesepleasures.

1.Whichsentencebestexpressesthemainidea?

　A.Mikeisverybusy　　　　　B.Afreshmanhastoworkmanyhoursallweek

　C.MikehaspleasuresinhissparetimeD.Mikehasalotofhomework

（Ex.2）Telephone,television,radio,andthetelegraphallhelppeoplecommunicatewitheachother.Becauseofthesedevices,ideasandnewsofeventsspreadquicklyallovertheworld.Forexample,withinseconds,peoplecanknowtheresultsofanelectioninJapanorArgentina（阿根廷）.Aninternationalsoccermatchcomesintothehomeofeveryonewithatelevisionset.Newsofdisastersuchasanearthquakeorafloodcanbringhelpfromdistantcountries.Withinhours,helpisontheway.Becauseofmoderntechnologylikethefourthousandsatellitesthattravelaroundtheworld,informationtravelsfast.

2.Themainideaofthepassageisthat_____.

　　A.Newsofadisastertravelsquicklyandhelpcancomequicklyfromdistantcountries.

　　B.Electionresultscanbeknownalmostimmediately.

　　C.Communicationisgood.

　　D.Informationtravelsveryfastbecauseoftechnology.

（Ex.3）　Americansusemorewaterthananyotherpeopleintheworld.Ifwecontinuetouse　waterattheratewedonow,wewillsoonnothaveenoughtomeetourneeds.In1900,40billiongallons（加仑）wereusedeachdayintheUnitedStates.In1980,700billiongallonswereused.TheaverageAmericanusesalmost90gallonsofwateradayforpersonaluse.AndmuchmorewaterisneededtomakethethingsAmericanpeopleliketohave.Forexample,ittakesthousandsofgallonsofwatertomakeonepoundofbeefforthedinnertable.Ittakesmorethan100,000gallonsofwatertomakeacar.Ifweincludetheseusesofwater,theaverageAmericanusesabout2000gallonsofwateraday.

3.Thebesttitleforthepassageis_______.

　A.WaterUseintheUnitedStates　B.TheProblemofWaterUse

　C.WaterUseintheWorld　D.WaterUseintheTwentiethCentury

（Ex.4）HalloweenisanautumnholidaythatAmericanscelebrateeveryyear.Itmeans"holy　evening",anditcomeseveryOctober31,theeveningbeforeAll-SaintsDay.However,it'snotreallyachurchholiday;it'saholidayforchildren.

Everyautumn,whenthevegetablesarereadytoeat,childrenpicklargeorangepumpkins.Thentheycutfacesinthepumpkinsandputlightsinside.Itlookslikethereisapersonlookingoutofthepumpkin!

　　Thechildrenalsoputonstrangemasks（面具）andfrighteningclotheseveryHalloween.Somechildrenpainttheirfacestolooklikemonsters（怪物）.Thentheycarryboxesorbagsfromhousetohouse.Everytimetheycometoanewhouse,theysay,

　"Trickortreat!

Moneyoreat!

"Theadults（成年人）putatreat---moneyorcandy---intheirbags.

　SomechildrenthinkofotherpeopleonHalloween.TheycarryboxesforUNICEF（TheUnitedNationsInternationalChildren'sEmergencyFund）.Theyaskformoneytohelppoorchildrenallaroundtheworld.Ofcourse,everytimetheyhelpUNICEF,theyusuallyreceiveatreatforthemselves,too.

4.Thebesttitleforthepassageprobablyis______.

　A.AnAutumnHolidayB.AChurchHolidayC.AHolidayforChildrenD.All-Saints

（Ex.5）Whoarethesepeoplerushingbyyouinthestreet?

Morethan215millionpeoplenowcallAmerica"home",butmostofthemcantracetheirfamiliesbacktootherpartsoftheworld.Ifyoulookatthenamesonshopwindows,youwillseethatAmericanscomefrom　manydifferentlands.Theideathatthesepeople,whooncewerestrangerstotheUnitedStates,havelostthecustomsandculturesoftheiroriginalcountriesandhavebecome"American"isreallynottrue.Infact,whatexistsinAmericaismoreoftenakindof"side-by-side"livinginwhichgroupsofpeoplefromothercountriesoftenhavekeptmanyoftheircustomsandhabits.TheyjointhegeneralAmericansocietyonlyincertainareasoftheirlives---suchasinschools,businesses,andsports---buttheykeepmanyoftheirownnativecustomsandmannerssociallyandathome.Thisliving"side-by-side"hasbothadvantages（长处）anddisadvantages.Sometimesitmaycausedisagreementstodevelopbetweengroupswhosewaysoflifeareverydifferentfromoneanother.However,therearealsogreatadvantagesthatcomefromthevarietyofculturesbroughtbysettlersfromotherlands.Thereisgreatfreedomofchoiceamongideasanddress,food,andsocialcustomsinAmerica.EveryonecanfindsomepartofhisorherfamiliarworldintheUnitedStates,inchurches,music,food,nationalgroups,ornewspapers.

5.Whichisthebesttitleforthispassage?

　A.AdvantagesandDisadvantages　　B.Differe