作为意志和表象的世界毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文.docx

作为意志和表象的世界毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文.docx

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作为意志和表象的世界毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）

外文文献翻译

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作为意志和表象的世界

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2017.02.14

外文文献

17

Inthefirstbookweconsideredtheideamerelyassuch,thatis,onlyaccordingtoitsgeneralform.Itistruethatasfarastheabstractidea,theconcept,isconcerned,weobtainedaknowledgeofitinrespectofitscontentalso,becauseithascontentandmeaningonlyinrelationtotheideaofperception,withoutwhichitwouldbeworthlessandempty.Accordingly,directingourattentionexclusivelytotheideaofperception,weshallnowendeavourtoarriveataknowledgeofitscontent,itsmoreexactdefinition,andtheformswhichitpresentstous.Anditwillspeciallyinterestustofindanexplanationofitspeculiarsignificance,thatsignificancewhichisotherwisemerelyfelt,butonaccountofwhichitisthatthesepicturesdonotpassbyusentirelystrangeandmeaningless,astheymustotherwisedo,butspeaktousdirectly,areunderstood,andobtainaninterestwhichconcernsourwholenature.

Wedirectourattentiontomathematics,naturalscience,andphilosophy,foreachoftheseholdsoutthehopethatitwillaffordusapartoftheexplanationwedesire.Now,takingphilosophyfirst,wefindthatitislikeamonsterwithmanyheads,eachofwhichspeaksadifferentlanguage.Theyarenot,indeed,allatvarianceonthepointwearehereconsidering,thesignificanceoftheideaofperception.For,withtheexceptionoftheScepticsandtheIdealists,theothers,forthemostpart,speakverymuchinthesamewayofanobjectwhichconstitutesthebasisoftheidea,andwhichisindeeddifferentinitswholebeingandnaturefromtheidea,butyetisinallpointsaslikeitasoneeggistoanother.Butthisdoesnothelpus,forwearequiteunabletodistinguishsuchanobjectfromtheidea;wefindthattheyareoneandthesame;foreveryobjectalwaysandforeverpresupposesasubject,andthereforeremainsidea,sothatwerecognisedobjectivityasbelongingtothemostuniversalformoftheidea,whichisthedivisionintosubjectandobject.Further,theprincipleofsufficientreason,whichisreferredtoinsupportofthisdoctrine,isforusmerelytheformoftheidea,theorderlycombinationofoneideawithanother,butnotthecombinationofthewholefiniteorinfiniteseriesofideaswithsomethingwhichisnotideaatall,andwhichcannotthereforebepresentedinperception.OftheScepticsandIdealistswespokeabove,inexaminingthecontroversyabouttherealityoftheouterworld.

Ifweturntomathematicstolookforthefullerknowledgewedesireoftheideaofperception,whichwehave,asyet,onlyunderstoodgenerally,merelyinitsform,wefindthatmathematicsonlytreatsoftheseideassofarastheyfilltimeandspace,thatis,sofarastheyarequantities.Itwilltelluswiththegreatestaccuracythehow-manyandthehow-much;butasthisisalwaysmerelyrelative,thatistosay,merelyacomparisonofoneideawithothers,andacomparisononlyintheonerespectofquantity,thisalsoisnottheinformationweareprincipallyinsearchof.

Lastly,ifweturntothewideprovinceofnaturalscience,whichisdividedintomanyfields,wemay,inthefirstplace,makeageneraldivisionofitintotwoparts.Itiseitherthedescriptionofforms,whichIcallMorphology,ortheexplanationofchanges,whichIcallEtiology.Thefirsttreatsofthepermanentforms,thesecondofthechangingmatter,accordingtothelawsofitstransitionfromoneformtoanother.Thefirstisthewholeextentofwhatisgenerallycallednaturalhistory.Itteachesus,especiallyinthesciencesofbotanyandzoology,thevariouspermanent,organised,andthereforedefinitelydeterminedformsintheconstantchangeofindividuals;andtheseformsconstituteagreatpartofthecontentoftheideaofperception.Innaturalhistorytheyareclassified,separated,united,arrangedaccordingtonaturalandartificialsystems,andbroughtunderconceptswhichmakeageneralviewandknowledgeofthewholeofthempossible.Further,aninfinitelyfineanalogybothinthewholeandinthepartsoftheseforms,andrunningthroughthemall（unitédeplan）,isestablished,andthustheymaybecomparedtoinnumerablevariationsonathemewhichisnotgiven.Thepassageofmatterintotheseforms,thatistosay,theoriginofindividuals,isnotaspecialpartofnaturalscience,foreveryindividualspringsfromitslikebygeneration,whichiseverywhereequallymysterious,andhasasyetevadeddefiniteknowledge.Thelittlethatisknownonthesubjectfindsitsplaceinphysiology,whichbelongstothatpartofnaturalscienceIhavecalledetiology.Mineralogyalso,especiallywhereitbecomesgeology,inclinestowardsetiology,thoughitprincipallybelongstomorphology.Etiologypropercomprehendsallthosebranchesofnaturalscienceinwhichthechiefconcernistheknowledgeofcauseandeffect.Thesciencesteachhow,accordingtoaninvariablerule,oneconditionofmatterisnecessarilyfollowedbyacertainothercondition;howonechangenecessarilyconditionsandbringsaboutacertainotherchange;thissortofteachingiscalledexplanation.Theprincipalsciencesinthisdepartmentaremechanics,physics,chemistry,andphysiology.

If,however,wesurrenderourselvestoitsteaching,wesoonbecomeconvincedthatetiologycannotaffordustheinformationwechieflydesire,anymorethanmorphology.Thelatterpresentstousinnumerableandinfinitelyvariedforms,whichareyetrelatedbyanunmistakablefamilylikeness.Theseareforusideas,andwhenonlytreatedinthisway,theyremainalwaysstrangetous,andstandbeforeuslikehieroglyphicswhichwedonotunderstand.Etiology,ontheotherhand,teachesusthat,accordingtothelawofcauseandeffect,thisparticularconditionofmatterbringsaboutthatotherparticularcondition,andthusithasexplaineditandperformeditspart.However,itreallydoesnothingmorethanindicatetheorderlyarrangementaccordingtowhichthestatesofmatterappearinspaceandtime,andteachinallcaseswhatphenomenonmustnecessarilyappearataparticulartimeinaparticularplace.Itthusdeterminesthepositionofphenomenaintimeandspace,accordingtoalawwhosespecialcontentisderivedfromexperience,butwhoseuniversalformandnecessityisyetknowntousindependentlyofexperience.Butitaffordsusabsolutelynoinformationabouttheinnernatureofanyoneofthesephenomena:

thisiscalledaforceofnature,anditliesoutsidetheprovinceofcausalexplanation,whichcallstheconstantuniformitywithwhichmanifestationsofsuchaforceappearwhenevertheirknownconditionsarepresent,alawofnature.Butthislawofnature,theseconditions,andthisappearanceinaparticularplaceataparticulartime,areallthatitknowsorevercanknow.Theforceitselfwhichmanifestsitself,theinnernatureofthephenomenawhichappearinaccordancewiththeselaws,remainsalwaysasecrettoit,somethingentirelystrangeandunknowninthecaseofthesimplestaswellasofthemostcomplexphenomena.Foralthoughasyetetiologyhasmostcompletelyachieveditsaiminmechanics,andleastcompletelyinphysiology,stilltheforceonaccountofwhichastonefallstothegroundoronebodyrepelsanotheris,initsinnernature,notlessstrangeandmysteriousthanthatwhichproducesthemovementsandthegrowthofananimal.Thescienceofmechanicspresupposesmatter,weight,impenetrability,thepossibilityofcommunicatingmotionbyimpact,inertiaandsoforthasultimatefacts,callsthemforcesofnature,andtheirnecessaryandorderlyappearanceundercertainconditionsalawofnature.Onlyafterthisdoesitsexplanationbegin,anditconsistsinindicatingtrulyandwithmathematicalexactness,how,whereandwheneachforcemanifestsitself,andinreferringeveryphenomenonwhichpresentsitselftotheoperationofoneoftheseforces.Physics,chemistry,andphysiologyproceedinthesamewayintheirprovince,onlytheypresupposemoreandaccomplishless.Consequentlythemostcompleteetiologicalexplanationofthewholeofnaturecanneverbemorethananenumerationofforceswhichcannotbeexplained,andareliablestatementoftheruleaccordingtowhichphenomenaappearintimeandspace,succeed,andmakewayforeachother.Buttheinnernatureoftheforceswhichthusappearremainsunexplainedbysuchanexplanation,whichmustconfineitselftophenomenaandtheirarrangement,becausethelawwhichitfollowsdoesnotextendfurther.Inthisrespectitmaybecomparedtoasectionofapieceofmarblewhichshowsmanyveinsbesideeachother,butdoesnotallowustotracethecourseoftheveinsfromtheinteriorofthemarbletoitssurface.Or,ifImayuseanabsurdbutmorestrikingcomparison,thephilosophicalinvestigatormustalwayshavethesamefeelingtowardsthecompleteetiologyofthewholeofnature,asamanwho,withoutknowinghow,hasbeenbroughtintoacompanyquiteunknowntohim,eachmemberofwhichinturnpresentsanothertohimashisfriendandcousin,andthereforeasquitewellknown,andyetthemanhimself,whileateachintroductionheexpresseshimselfgratified,hasalwaysthequestiononhislips:

"ButhowthedeucedoIstandtothewholecompany?

"

Thusweseethat,withregardtothosephenomenawhichweknowonlyasourideas,etiologycannevergiveusthedesiredinformationthatshallcarryusbeyondthispoint.For,afterallitsexplanations,theystillremainquitestrangetous,asmereideaswhosesignificancewedonotunderstand.Thecausalconnection