考研英语第23套题.docx

考研英语第23套题.docx

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考研英语第23套题

第二十三套题

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text107.8

FederalCommunicationsCommissionChairmanKevinMartinjustrelaunchedtheformalreviewofmediaownershiprules.Theagency’s“FurtherNoticeofProposedRulemaking,”issuedJuly25,isvague,butitsintentisclear:

toletafewgiantmediacorporationsswallowupmorelocaltelevisionchannels,radiostationsandnewspapersinasinglemarket.Martin’smaintargetisthebanon“newspaper-broadcastcross-ownership”thatprohibitsonecompanyfromowningthemajordailynewspaperaswellasradioandTVstationsinthesamearea.He’dalsoliketoallowonecompanytoownmorethanoneTVstationinsmallermarkets,andmorethantwointhelargestcities.Afewpowerfulfirmsinmajorcitieshavewonwaiverstotheban,oratleastdelaysonenforcement,butthosearetheexceptions.

Thatdéjàvuyou’refeelingisbecausetheFCCtriedtopushthroughthesamerulechangesin2003underthen-ChairmanMichaelPowell.Inresponse,millionsofpeople—spurredonbygroupsasdiverseastheNationalRifleAssn.andtheNationalOrganizationforWomen—contactedtheFCCandCongresstovoicetheiropposition.TheFCCapprovedtherulechangesanyway,onlytoseethemnearlyoverturnedbyCongressandthenrejectedbythecourts.Despitetheoverwhelmingpublicopposition,Martin’slatestattempttoeliminatecross-ownershiprulesisdrivenbythemassivelobbyingofacartelofsecond-tierbigmediacompaniesspecializinginnewspaperandbroadcaststationownership,suchasGannett,MediaGeneralandTribune.TheirmotiveisBiggerprofits.

Butwhat’sgoodforBigMedia’sbottomlineisn’talwaysgoodfortherestofus.Thefirstcasualtyof“mediacompanytowns”wouldbejournalism.Whenonefirmownsmostofacity’snewsoutlets,whoneedsabunchofcompetingnewsrooms?

Investigativereportingandextensivelocalcoveragerequiresacostlystaff.It’sfarcheapertosyndicatefarefromheadquartersthantosupportadiversityoflocalvoices.Ifyourreadersandviewersdon’tlikeit,whereelsearetheygoingtogo?

Oncethebigchainsstartsellingandswappingtheirpropertiestobuilduplargerfiefdoms,thealreadydecliningnumberofindependentandminorityownerswillbefurthersqueezedout.Today,justoneinfivedailynewspapersareownedbyindividualsorcompaniesthatdon’townanyothernewspapers.AccordingtothemostrecentFCCdata,fewerthan4%ofradiostationsand2%ofTVstationsareownedbyminorities.

IndustryandWallStreetpropagandasayslocalmediacan’tcompetewithoutfurtherconsolidation.Yetmediacompaniesalreadyenjoyhigherprofitmarginsthanmostindustries.Theysaywemustderegulate.ButradioandTVstationownershipisbydefinitionregulated—thesearethepublicairwavesandthereareonlysomanychannelsavailableinacommunity.TheonlyquestionisonwhosebehalfwillWashingtonmaketherules:

majormediacompaniesorthepublic?

［500words］

1.Theruleon“newspaper-broadcastcross-ownership”intendsto.

［A］preventcompaniesfromowningbothtelevisionandradiostations

［B］limitacompanyfromowningmorethanonetelevisionstation

［C］replacegiantmediacorporationswithmediacompanytowns

［D］protectlocalvoices,vigorouscompetitionanddiverseviewpoints

2.WhichofthefollowingwillprobablyhappenifFCC’srulechangesareapproved?

［A］Thegovernmentwillcompletelydominatepublicdiscourse.

［B］ThepublicwillvoicetheirstrongoppositiontoCongress.

［C］ThenumberofradiosandTVstationswilldeclinesharply.

［D］Thelocalmediacompetitionwillbealmosteliminated.

3.“Déjàvu”（Line1,Paragraph2）probablymeansafeelingthat.

［A］anewsituationhasoccurredbefore［B］afamiliarsituationbecomesunfamiliar

［C］thesituationhasrunoutofcontrol［D］thesituationisbetterthanexpected

4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

［A］Martin’spredecessorignoredpublicopinionwitharisk.

［B］Acompanyisforbiddentoownmorethanonenewspaper.

［C］Thelocalnewsoutletsarecontrolledbyindependentcompanies.

［D］Mediaindustryusedtobeanotprofitableindustry.

5.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe.

［A］CanWeHearMoreLocalVoices?

［B］DoWeReallyWantBigMediatoGetEvenBigger?

［C］HowWillFCC’sActionAffectConsumers?

［D］HowWillWashingtonMakeMediaOwnershipRules?

Text206.5

BBC‘sCasualtyprogrammeonSaturdayeveninggaveviewersavoteastowhichoftwopatientsshouldbenefitfromadonation.Butitfailedtotellusthatwewouldnotneedtomakesomanylife-and-deathdecisionsifwegottogripwiththechronicorganshortage.Beingpussyfootingaroundinitsapproachtodeadbodies,theGovernmentisgivingakickingtosomeofthemostvulnerableinoursociety.Onedepressingconsequenceofthisisthatasignificantnumberofthoseonthewaitinglisttakeofftoforeigncountriestopurchaseanorganfromalivingthird-worlddonor,somethingthatisforbiddenintheUnitedKingdom.Thepoorhavenooptionbuttowaitinvain.

TheHumanTissueAuthority’spositionontheretentionofbodypartsformedicalresearchafterapost-mortemexaminationisequallyflawed.Thenewconsentformscouldhavebeendraftedbysomeevilpersonseekingtostopthepreciousflowofhumantissueintothepathologicallaboratory.Theformsaresolengthythatdoctorsrarelyhavetimetocompletethemand,eveniftheytry,thewordingissographicthatrelativestendtolegitbeforesigning.Inconsequence,thenumberofpostmortemshasfallenquickly.

ThewiderworryisthatthemoralshortsightednessevidentintheHumanTissueActseemstoinfecteveryfacetofthecontemporarydebateonmedicalethics.Takethetimidapproachtoembryonicstemcellresearch.TheUnitedStates,forexample,refusesgovernmentfundingtoscientistswhowishtocarryoutpotentiallyground-breakingresearchonthesurplusembryoscreatedbyIVFtreatment.

Senatorsprofesstobeworriedthatembryonicresearchfailstorespectthedignityof“potentialpersons”.Rarelycansuchavacuousconcepthavefounditswayintoadebateclamingtoprovideenlightenment.Whenisthis“potential”supposedtokickin?

Incaseyouwerewondering,thesesupposedlypreciousembryosareatthesamestageofdevelopmentasthosethatareroutinelyterminatedbythePillwithoutanyonecrying.Thankfully,theBritishGovernmenthasrefusedthepositionoftheUnitedStatesandoperatesoneofthemostliberalregimesinEurope,inwhichlicenceshavebeenawardedtoresearcherstocreateembryosformedicalresearch.Itispossiblethat,inyearstocome,scientistswillbeabletogroworgansinthelabandfindcuresforarangeofdebilitatingdiseases.

Thefundamentalproblemwithourapproachtoethicsisourinabilitytoseparateemotionfrompolicy.Theonlyfactorthatshouldenterourmoralandlegaldeliberationsisthatofwelfare,aconceptthatismeaninglesswhenappliedtoentitiesthatlackself-consciousness.Neverforgetthattheresearchthatwearesoreluctanttoconductuponembryosanddeadbodiesisroutinelycarriedoutonliving,pain-sensitiveanimals.［482words］

6.Whathascausedthechronicorganshortage?

［A］adecreaseindonationrates.［B］inefficientgovernmentalpolicy.

［C］illegaltradeinhumanorgans.［D］newsmedia’sindifference.

7.Theexpression“pussyfootingaround”（Line3,Paragraph1）mightmean.

［A］unfair［B］hesitant［C］secret［D］strict

8.Themoralshortsightednessisrevealedinthefactthat.

［A］thegovernmenthasstoppedtheexperimentonhumantissue

［B］thedonationconsentformsaredifficulttounderstand

［C］theHumanTissuesActisanobstacletoimportantmedicalresearch

［D］embryonicresearchshowsdisregardforhumanlife

9.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthormostlikelytoagree?

［A］therichandthepoorareequalinthefaceofdeath.

［B］morescientistsareneededforthemedicaladvancement.

［C］thereisadoublestandardinmedicalethics.

［D］thedeaddeservethesameattentionastheliving.

10.Theauthorismostcriticalof.

［A］themedia［B］doctors

［C］U.S.legislators［D］theBritishgovernment

Text307.8

Afternearlyadecadeoftrying,Wal-Martfailedtobecometheall-in-oneshoppingdestinationforGermansthatitisforsomanymillionsofAmericans.Wal-Mart’sproblemsarenotlimitedtoGermany.TheretailgianthasstruggledincountrieslikeSouthKoreaandJapanasitdiscoveredthatitsformulaforsuccess—lowprices,zealousinventorycontrolandalargearrayofmerchandise—didnottranslatetomarketswiththeirowndiscountchainsandshopperswithdifferenthabits.

SomeofWal-Mart’sproblemsstemfromoverbearingpride,auniquelypowerfulAmericanenterprisetryingtoimposeitsvaluesaroundtheworld.AtWal-Mart’sheadquartersinBentonville,Ark.,however,themessagefromthesemisstepsisnowregisteringloudandclear.Inparticular,Wal-Mart’sexperienceinGermany,whereitlosthundredsofmillionsofdollarssince1998,hasbecomeasortoftemplateforhownottoexpandintoacountry.

Wal-Martisalsotryingtointegrateacquisitionswithmoresensitivity—aprocessthatinvolvesissueslikedecidingwhethertoconsolidatemultipleforeignheadquartersandhowtoaggressivelyimposeWal-Mart’scorporatecultureonnon-Americanemployees.InGermany,Wal-MartscrappedthemorningWal-Martchantbystaffmembers.Wal-Mart’schangescametoolateforGermany,buttheycouldhelpitcrackothermarkets.

Farfrombeingchastenedbyitssetbacks,Wal-Martisforgingaheadwithanaggressiveprogramofforeignacquisitions.Startingfromscratch14